Cited by 436Physical Activity and HealthCancer Risks and FactorsMetabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer

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Physical activity and cancer prevention–data from epidemiologic studies

LEE, I-MIN·2003·Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise

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Abstract

PURPOSE: The aim of this paper is to examine whether physical activity plays any role in the prevention of cancer. METHODS: To accomplish this, data from published epidemiologic studies on the relation between physical activity and the risk of developing cancer were reviewed. RESULTS: The data are clear in showing that physically active men and women have about a 30-40% reduction in the risk of developing colon cancer, compared with inactive persons. Although the data are sparse, it appears that 30-60 min.d(-1) of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity is needed to decrease risk. There is a dose-response relation, with risk declining further at higher levels of physical activity. It is also clear that physical activity is not associated with the risk of developing rectal cancer. With regard to breast cancer, there is reasonably clear evidence that physically active women have about a 20-30% reduction in risk, compared with inactive women. It also appears that 30-60 min.d(-1) of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity is needed to decrease the risk of breast cancer, and that there is likely a dose-response relation. For prostate cancer, the data are inconsistent regarding whether physical activity plays any role in the prevention of this cancer. There are relatively few studies on physical activity and lung cancer prevention. The available data suggest that physically active individuals have a lower risk of lung cancer; however, it is difficult to completely account for cigarette smoking. There is little information on the role of physical activity in preventing other cancers. CONCLUSION: Physical activity is associated with lower risk of developing certain site-specific cancers, in particular colon and breast cancers.

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“The fact that both the protective effect of exercise on breast cancer (154) and the generation of exercise-induced free radicals seem to occur after moderate to vigorous intensity exercise is consistent with the possibility that lipid peroxidation plays a role in the physical exercise-breast cancer relationship.”
Background
Inactivation of AMPK alters gene expression and promotes growth of prostate cancer cells
Zhou, J., Huang, W., Tao, R., Ibaragi, S., Lan, F., Ido, Y., Wu, X., Alekseyev, Y. O., Lenburg, M. E., Hu, G.-F., et al. (2009) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/onc.2009.63 · Cited by 116
“A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript TZDs and exercise) can inhibit tumor development (Buzzai et al., 2007; Dowling et al., 2007; Huang et al., 2008; Isakovic et al., 2007; Lee, 2003; Rattan et al., 2005; Xiang et al., 2004).”
Health Behaviors in Cancer Survivors
Mayer, D. K., Terrin, N. C., Menon, U., Kreps, G. L., McCance, K., Parsons, S. K., & Mooney, K. H. (2007) · Oncology Nursing Forum · doi:10.1188/07.onf.643-651 · Cited by 111
“Additional studies also have evaluated the benefi cial effects of physical activity on cancer risk (Friedenreich, 2001; Lee, 2003; McTiernan, 2005) and prognosis (McTiernan, 2004).”
Background
Exercise as a Polypill for Chronic Diseases
Pareja-Galeano, H., Garatachea, N., & Lucía, A. (2015) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.07.019 · Cited by 117
Epidemiologic Methods in Physical Activity Studies
Lee, I. (2008) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183009.001.0001 · Cited by 110
Physical Activity is a Medicine for Non-Communicable Diseases: A Survey Study Regarding the Perception of Physical Activity Impact on Health Wellbeing
Saqib, Z. A., Dai, J., Menhas, R., Mahmood, S., Karim, M., Sang, X., & Weng, Y. (2020) · Risk Management and Healthcare Policy · doi:10.2147/rmhp.s280339 · Cited by 139
Breast cancer awareness, risk factors and screening practices among future health professionals in Ghana: A cross-sectional study
Osei-Afriyie, S., Addae, A. K., Oppong, S., Amu, H., Ampofo, E., & Osei, E. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253373 · Cited by 105
GPS-Based Exposure to Greenness and Walkability and Accelerometry-Based Physical Activity
James, P., Hart, J. E., Hipp, J. A., Mitchell, J. A., Kerr, J., Hurvitz, P. M., Glanz, K., & Laden, F. (2017) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-16-0925 · Cited by 104
“org Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(4) April 2017 529”
BackgroundInfluential
Exercise and the Immune System
Brolinson, P. G., & Elliott, D. (2007) · Clinics in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.csm.2007.04.011 · Cited by 114
The effects of endurance exercise on the heart: panacea or poison?
Parry-Williams, G., & Sharma, S. (2020) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/s41569-020-0354-3 · Cited by 102
Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Healthy Adults—Possible Applications in Health Care, Wellness, and Sports
Holzer, R., Bloch, W., & Brinkmann, C. K. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22052030 · Cited by 119
The integrative role of leptin, oestrogen and the insulin family in obesity‐associated breast cancer: potential effects of exercise
Schmidt, S., Monk, J. M., Robinson, L. E., & Mourtzakis, M. (2015) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12281 · Cited by 104
Association of Physical Activity with Development of Uterine Leiomyoma
Baird, D. D., Dunson, D. B., Hill, M. C., Cousins, D. S., & Schectman, J. M. (2006) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwj363 · Cited by 100
“Physical activity has been reported to be protective for breast cancer, another hormonally related tumor (11, 21).”
Energy balance and breast cancer risk: a prospective cohort study
Silvera, S. A. N., Jain, M. G., Howe, G. R., Miller, A. B., & Rohan, T. E. (2005) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-005-9098-3 · Cited by 93
“While previous epidemiologic studies of physical activity and breast cancer have yielded mixed results, the majority supports an inverse association [10], in contrast to our finding of no association in the overall study population.”
Result
S3 Guidelines for Colorectal Carcinoma
Schmiegel, W., Pox, C. P., Reinacher-Schick, A. C., Adler, G., Arnold, D., Fleig, W. E., Fölsch, U. R., Frühmorgen, P., Graeven, U., Heinemann, V., et al. (2010) · Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie · doi:10.1055/s-0028-1109936 · Cited by 92
Diabetes and cancer II: role of diabetes medications and influence of shared risk factors
Onitilo, A. A., Engel, J. M., Glurich, I., Stankowski, R. V., Williams, G. M., & Doi, S. A. R. (2012) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-012-9971-4 · Cited by 92
“Numerous observational studies have consistently demonstrated that higher levels of physical activity provide substantial health benefits and reduce risk of certain cancers including colon, post-menopausal breast, and endometrial cancer [138, 139].”
Characteristics of the Built Environment Associated With Leisure-Time Physical Activity Among Adults in Bogotá, Colombia: A Multilevel Study
Gómez, L. F., Sarmiento, O. L., Parra, D. C., Schmid, T. L., Pratt, M., Jacoby, E., Neiman, A. B., Cervero, R., Mosquera, J., Rutt, C., et al. (2010) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.7.s2.s196 · Cited by 88
A systematic review of multimodal prehabilitation in breast cancer
Toohey, K. L., Hunter, M., McKinnon, K., Casey, T., Turner, M. R., Taylor, S., & Paterson, C. C. (2022) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-022-06759-1 · Cited by 87
Use of Physical and Intellectual Activities and Socialization in the Management of Cognitive Decline of Aging and in Dementia: A Review
Ruthirakuhan, M. T., Luedke, A. C., Tam, A., Goel, A., Kurji, A., & Garcia, A. A. (2012) · Journal of Aging Research · doi:10.1155/2012/384875 · Cited by 94
“Exercise has been associated with a lower incidence in many chronic diseases, such as coronary heart disease [6], type 2 diabetes [7], obesity [8], cancer [9], bone loss [10], and high blood pressure [11].”
Background
The Health Benefits of Exercise and Physical Activity
Miller, K. R., McClave, S. A., Jampolis, M. B., Hurt, R. T., Krueger, K. J., Landes, S., & Collier, B. C. (2016) · Current Nutrition Reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-016-0175-5 · Cited by 106
Effect of Community Volunteering on Physical Activity
Varma, V. R., Tan, E. J., Gross, A. L., Harris, G., Romani, W. A., Fried, L. P., Rebok, G. W., & Carlson, M. C. (2015) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.06.015 · Cited by 85
Gender Differences in Effects of Physical Activity on Quality of Life and Resource Utilization
Morimoto, T., Oguma, Y., Yamazaki, S., Sokejima, S., Nakayama, T., & Fukuhara, S. (2006) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-005-3033-2 · Cited by 83
“In addition to such cardiovascular or metabolic benefits, physical activity is reported to be associated with a 30–40% reduction in the risk of colon cancer and 20–30% reduction for breast cancer [2].”
Background
Nivel de actividad física global en la población adulta de Bogotá (Colombia). Prevalencia y factores asociados
Gómez, L. F., Duperly, J., Lucumí, D., Gámez, R., & Venegas, A. S. (2005) · Gaceta Sanitaria · doi:10.1157/13075953 · Cited by 83
The Roles of p53 in Mitochondrial Dynamics and Cancer Metabolism: The Pendulum between Survival and Death in Breast Cancer?
Moulder, D. E., Hatoum, D., Tay, E. S. E., Lin, Y., & McGowan, E. M. (2018) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers10060189 · Cited by 87
“Exercise, which alters cellular metabolism, has long been known to reduce breast cancer risk [184].”
Background
Molecular Targeted Drugs and Biomarkers in NSCLC, the Evolving Role of Individualized Therapy
Domvri, K., Zarogoulidis, P., Darwiche, K., Browning, R. F., Jr., Li, Q., Turner, J. F., Kioumis, I. P., Spyratos, D., Porpodis, Κ., Papaiwannou, A., et al. (2013) · Journal of Cancer · doi:10.7150/jca.7734 · Cited by 82
“Although lung cancer has been epidemiologically associated largely with cigarette smoking [3], lifestyle, diet, passive smoking, and occupational exposure have also been found to play contributory roles [4-7].”
Background
Report of the J apan Diabetes Society/ J apanese Cancer Association joint committee on diabetes and cancer
Kasuga, M., Ueki, K., Tajima, N., Noda, M., Ohashi, K., Noto, H., Goto, A., Ogawa, W., Sakai, R., Tsugane, S., et al. (2013) · Cancer Science · doi:10.1111/cas.12203 · Cited by 82
An exploration of walking behaviour—An interpretative phenomenological approach
Darker, C. D., Larkin, M., & French, D. (2007) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.06.029 · Cited by 89
“Recent reviews confirm the positive contribution that physical activity contributes to health benefits such as lower risk of cardiovascular problems (Wannamethee & Shaper, 2001) better control of hypertension (Kelley, Kelley, & Tran, 2001), reduction in the risk of all causes of cancer (Lee, 2003), prevention of diabe…”
Background
Physical activity is associated with grit and resilience in college students: Is intensity the key to success?
Dunston, E. R., Messina, E. S., Coelho, A. J., Chriest, S. N., Waldrip, M. P., Vahk, A., & Taylor, K. (2020) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1740229 · Cited by 90
Swim training suppresses tumor growth in mice
Almeida, P., Filho, A. G., Ferreira, A. J., Rodrigues, C. E. M., Dias‐Peixoto, M. F., Russo, R. C., Teixeira, M. M., Cassali, G. D., Ferreira, E. F., dos Santos, I. C., et al. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00249.2009 · Cited by 82
“Epidemiologic data analysis has revealed a reduced risk for some kind of cancers with increasing levels of physical activity (5, 7, 8, 17, 25).”
Background
Genetic Influences on Physiological and Subjective Responses to an Aerobic Exercise Session among Sedentary Adults
Karoly, H. C., Stevens, C. J., Magnan, R. E., Harlaar, N., Hutchison, K. E., & Bryan, A. D. (2012) · Journal of Cancer Epidemiology · doi:10.1155/2012/540563 · Cited by 80
“, estrogen, testosterone, and insulin-like growth factors) [7–9] as well as influences on DNA methylation [10, 11].”
Background
Cities and the Health of the Public
Freudenberg, N., Galea, S., & Vlahov, D. (2006) · Vanderbilt University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctv1622mv6 · Cited by 78
Physical Activity, Obesity, Energy Intake, and the Risk of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: A Population-based Case-Control Study
Pan, S. Y., Mao, Y., & Ugnat, A. (2005) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwi342 · Cited by 75
Can exercise-related improvements in immunity influence cancer prevention and prognosis in the elderly?
Bigley, A. B., Spielmann, G., LaVoy, E. C. P., & Simpson, R. J. (2013) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.06.010 · Cited by 78
Molecular Epidemiology of Physical Activity and Cancer
Rundle, A. (2005) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.227.14.1 · Cited by 75
“Fourteen studies show a protective effect, 13 studies show no particular effect, and 4 found an increased risk with activity (24-26).”
Background
Physical activity in the prevention of cancer.
Kruk, J., & Aboul-Enein, H. Y. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 74
Physical Activity Questionnaire Comprehension
Altschuler, A., Picchi, T., Nelson, M. C., Rogers, J., Hart, J. E., & Sternfeld, B. (2009) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318186b1b1 · Cited by 73
“A large body of epidemiological literature demonstrates that regular physical activity (PA) leads to numerous health benefits, including reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, colon cancer, breast cancer, and osteoporotic fractures, and improved mental health and physical and cognitive function (16,1…”
Background
A randomised controlled study of the long-term effects of exercise training on mortality in elderly people: study protocol for the Generation 100 study
Stensvold, D., Viken, H., Rognmo, Ø., Skogvoll, E., Steinshamn, S., Vatten, L. J., Coombes, J. S., Anderssen, S. A., Magnussen, J., Ingebrigtsen, J. E., et al. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007519 · Cited by 70
“39 Furthermore, epidemiological studies have suggested that physical activity is associated with lower risk for developing diabetes, 40 hypertension, 41 depression, 42 dementia, 43 breast cancer, 44 colon cancer 45 and of accidental falls.”
Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Digestive Cancer Mortality: Findings from the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study
Peel, J. B., Sui, X., Matthews, C. E., Adams, S. A., Hébert, J. R., Hardin, J. W., Church, T. S., & Blair, S. N. (2009) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0846 · Cited by 71
“We did not observe a significant inverse association between CRF and mortality from pancreatic cancer, a finding that is consistent with many studies (12, 13, 16, 31-35) but discrepant from others (9, 10, 36).”
Result
S3-Guidelines Colorectal Cancer 2004
Schmiegel, W., Pox, C., Adler, G., Fleig, W. E., Fölsch, U. R., Frühmorgen, P., Graeven, U., Hohenberger, W., Holstege, A., Kühlbacher, T., et al. (2005) · DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1055/s-2005-865098 · Cited by 69
Modifying Middle School Physical Education: Piloting Strategies to Increase Physical Activity
Jago, R., McMurray, R. G., Bassin, S., Pyle, L., Bruecker, S., Jakicic, J. M., Moe, E., Murray, T., & Volpe, S. L. (2009) · Pediatric Exercise Science · doi:10.1123/pes.21.2.171 · Cited by 67
“Regular physical activity is associated with a decreased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (15), cardiovascular disease (13) and some cancers (21) among adults.”
Background
Association of Physical Activity with Hormone Receptor Status: The Shanghai Breast Cancer Study
Adams, S. A., Matthews, C. E., Hébert, J. R., Moore, C. G., Cunningham, J. E., Shu, X.-O., Fulton, J., Gao, Y., & Zheng, W. (2006) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-05-0993 · Cited by 67
“The majority of published studies (17-20) have indicated that high levels of physical activity confer a protective effect on breast cancer with proposed biological mechanisms ranging from hormone modulation to up-regulated immune functioning (21).”
Background
Moderate physical activity and breast cancer risk: the effect of menopausal status
Ángeles-Llerenas, A., Ortega-Olvera, C., Pérez‐Rodríguez, E., Esparza-Cano, J. P., Lazcano-Ponce, E. C., Romieu, I., & Torres-Mejı́a, G. (2010) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-009-9487-8 · Cited by 66

Authors: LEE, I.-M.
Affiliations: Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
Corresponding author: LEE, I-MIN
ORCID: LEE, I-MIN
Venue: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2003-11
Volume: 35
Issue: 11
Pages: 1823-1827
ISSN: 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000093620.27893.23
OpenAlex: W2034424159
Cited by: 436
References: 24
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 28
FWCI: 9.83
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Cancer Institute (R03CA091213, CA-91213)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Risks and Factors
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
Keywords: physical activity, cancer prevention, colon cancer, rectal cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, dose-response relationship, moderate-to-vigorous intensity exercise, cancer risk
MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms, Colonic Neoplasms, Female, Humans, Male, Motor Activity, Prostatic Neoplasms, Rectal Neoplasms, Risk, Exercise

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Physical activity and cancer prevention–data from epidemiologic studies

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