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Energy Requirements of Male Academy Soccer Players from the English Premier League
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to inform the energy requirements of highly trained adolescent soccer players. Total energy expenditure (TEE) was quantified in academy soccer players from the English Premier League (EPL). Methods: Twenty-four male adolescent soccer players from an EPL academy (under (U) 12/13 (U12/13), n = 8; U15, n = 8; U18, n = 8) were assessed for baseline maturity (maturity offset), body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), and resting metabolic rate (indirect calorimetry). Subsequently, TEE, energy intake (EI) and physical loading patterns were assessed over a 14-d in-season period using doubly labeled water, the remote food photographic method, and global positioning system technology, respectively. Results: U18 players presented with greater resting metabolic rate (2236 ± 93 kcal·d −1 ) and TEE (3586 ± 487 kcal·d −1 ; range, 2542–5172 kcal·d −1 ) than did both U15 (2023 ± 162 and 3029 ± 262 kcal·d −1 , respectively; TEE range, 2738–3726 kcal·d −1 ) and U12/13 players (1892 ± 211 and 2859 ± 265 kcal·d −1 , respectively; TEE range, 2275–3903 kcal·d −1 ; all, P < 0.01), although no difference in TEE was apparent between the U12/13 and U15 age groups. Fat-free mass was significantly different between all comparisons in a hierarchal manner (U18: 57.2 ± 6.1 kg > U15: 42.9 ± 5.8 kg > U12/13: 31.1 ± 3.5 kg; all, P < 0.01). Within age groups, no differences were apparent between EI and TEE (U12/13: −29 ± 277 kcal·d −1 , P = 0.78; U15: −134 ± 327 kcal·d −1 , P = 0.28; U18: −243 ± 724 kcal·d −1 , P = 0.37), whereas U18 players (3180 ± 279 kcal·d −1 ) reported higher EI than did both U15 (2821 ± 338 kcal·d −1 ; P = 0.05) and U12/13 players (2659 ± 187 kcal·d −1 ; P < 0.01). Conclusions: The TEE of male academy soccer players progressively increase as players progress through the academy age groups. In some individuals (evident in all age groups), TEE was greater than that previously observed in adult EPL soccer players.
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“Hannon et al. [9] reported that some adolescent academy soccer players aged 13 to 18 years expended energy at levels comparable to, or exceeding, those of adult professional players, highlighting the substantial energy demands placed on youth athletes at different stages of development.”
From Dietary intake, nutrition knowledge, and behavior in youth team sport athletes: a scoping review and call to advance research and practice (2026) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Among these, one found no significant energy deficit at group level despite high energy demands [9], another identified approximately 40% underreporting of energy intake relative to measured expenditure [74] and a third reported a deficit of 389 kcal/day [10], lower than many of the deficits reported in studies relying on estimated expenditure.”
From Dietary intake, nutrition knowledge, and behavior in youth team sport athletes: a scoping review and call to advance research and practice (2026) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“In elite academy soccer players, total energy expenditure ranged from 2,275 to 5,172 kcal/day across age groups, with some individuals exceeding the energy expenditure previously reported in adult professional players”
From Dietary intake, nutrition knowledge, and behavior in youth team sport athletes: a scoping review and call to advance research and practice (2026) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Notably, several studies reported protein intakes consistent with or above current adult sports nutrition recommendations alongside evidence of suboptimal energy intake [9,10,36,52,57,60,61,69,73].”
From Dietary intake, nutrition knowledge, and behavior in youth team sport athletes: a scoping review and call to advance research and practice (2026) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Notwithstanding the importance of appropriate nutrition during adolescence [95,103,122,187,189] and nutrition’s influential interaction with sleep and recovery [38,164,183], limited research is available investigating the relationship between sleep, nutrition, and injury risk in adolescent athletes.”
From Sleep, Nutrition, and Injury Risk in Adolescent Athletes: A Narrative Review (2023) · cites this paper as [95]
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Cited by
Collins, J., Maughan, R. J., Gleeson, M., Bilsborough, J., Jeukendrup, A., Morton, J. P., Phillips, S. M., Armstrong, L., Burke, L. M., Close, G. L., et al. (2021) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2019-101961 · Cited by 303
Self-citationLANGAN-EVANS, C., GERMAINE, M., ARTUKOVIC, M., OXBOROUGH, D. L., ARETA, J. L., CLOSE, G. L., & MORTON, J. P. (2021) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002519 · Cited by 75
Self-citationSleep, Nutrition, and Injury Risk in Adolescent Athletes: A Narrative Review
Mason, L., Connolly, J., Devenney, L. E., Lacey, K., O’Donovan, J., & Doherty, R. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15245101 · Cited by 50
Hannon, M. P., Flueck, J. L., Gremeaux, V., Place, N., Kayser, B., & Donnelly, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2021.599118 · Cited by 23
Self-citationIrwin, N., Ó Catháin, C., Ward, C., & Kelly, D. T. (2026) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2026.2671431 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- HANNON, M. P., PARKER, L. J. F., CARNEY, D. J., MCKEOWN, J., SPEAKMAN, J. R., HAMBLY, C., DRUST, B., UNNITHAN, V. B., CLOSE, G. L., & MORTON, J. P.
- Affiliations
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, England, UNITED KINGDOM
- Everton Football Club, Liverpool, England, UNITED KINGDOM
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UNITED KINGDOM
- Research Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, Scotland, UNITED KINGDOM
- Venue
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
- Published
- 2020-07-22
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 200-210
- ISSN
- 1530-0315
- 0195-9131
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 5
- Language
- en
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