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Validity of Dietary Assessment in Athletes: A Systematic Review

Capling, Louise, Beck, Kathryn, Gifford, Janelle, Slater, Gary, Flood, Victoria, O’Connor, Helen·2017·Nutrients
DOI 10.3390/nu9121313

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Abstract

Dietary assessment methods that are recognized as appropriate for the general population are usually applied in a similar manner to athletes, despite the knowledge that sport-specific factors can complicate assessment and impact accuracy in unique ways. As dietary assessment methods are used extensively within the field of sports nutrition, there is concern the validity of methodologies have not undergone more rigorous evaluation in this unique population sub-group. The purpose of this systematic review was to compare two or more methods of dietary assessment, including dietary intake measured against biomarkers or reference measures of energy expenditure, in athletes. Six electronic databases were searched for English-language, full-text articles published from January 1980 until June 2016. The search strategy combined the following keywords: diet, nutrition assessment, athlete, and validity; where the following outcomes are reported but not limited to: energy intake, macro and/or micronutrient intake, food intake, nutritional adequacy, diet quality, or nutritional status. Meta-analysis was performed on studies with sufficient methodological similarity, with between-group standardized mean differences (or effect size) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) being calculated. Of the 1624 studies identified, 18 were eligible for inclusion. Studies comparing self-reported energy intake (EI) to energy expenditure assessed via doubly labelled water were grouped for comparison (n = 11) and demonstrated mean EI was under-estimated by 19% (−2793 ± 1134 kJ/day). Meta-analysis revealed a large pooled effect size of −1.006 (95% CI: −1.3 to −0.7; p < 0.001). The remaining studies (n = 7) compared a new dietary tool or instrument to a reference method(s) (e.g., food record, 24-h dietary recall, biomarker) as part of a validation study. This systematic review revealed there are limited robust studies evaluating dietary assessment methods in athletes. Existing literature demonstrates the substantial variability between methods, with under- and misreporting of intake being frequently observed. There is a clear need for careful validation of dietary assessment methods, including emerging technical innovations, among athlete populations.

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Metadata

Authors
Capling, L., Beck, K., Gifford, J., Slater, G., Flood, V., & O’Connor, H.
Affiliations
  • Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW 2141, Australia
  • School of Sport Exercise and Nutrition, College of Health, Massey University, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
  • School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD 4558, Australia
ORCID
Venue
Nutrients
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2017-12-02
Volume
9
Issue
12
Pages
1313
ISSN
2072-6643
DOI
10.3390/nu9121313
Cited by
161
References
14
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)

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Capling, L., Beck, K., Gifford, J., Slater, G., Flood, V., & O’Connor, H. (2017). Validity of Dietary Assessment in Athletes: A Systematic Review. Nutrients. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9121313

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