Higher compared with lower dietary protein during an energy deficit combined with intense exercise promotes greater lean mass gain and fat mass loss: a randomized trial

Longland, Thomas M; Oikawa, Sara Y; Mitchell, Cameron J; Devries, Michaela C; Phillips, Stuart M

doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.119339

Cited by 271Muscle metabolism and nutritionNutrition and Health in AgingBody Composition Measurement Techniques

Higher compared with lower dietary protein during an energy deficit combined with intense exercise promotes greater lean mass gain and fat mass loss: a randomized trial

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Longland, Thomas M, Oikawa, Sara Y, Mitchell, Cameron J, Devries, Michaela C, Phillips, Stuart M·2016·The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

DOI 10.3945/ajcn.115.119339

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Abstract

Background A dietary protein intake higher than the Recommended Dietary Allowance during an energy deficit helps to preserve lean body mass (LBM), particularly when combined with exercise.Objective The purpose of this study was to conduct a proof-of-principle trial to test whether manipulation of dietary protein intake during a marked energy deficit in addition to intense exercise training would affect changes in body composition.Design We used a single-blind, randomized, parallel-group prospective trial. During a 4-wk period, we provided hypoenergetic (~40% reduction compared with requirements) diets providing 33 ± 1 kcal/kg LBM to young men who were randomly assigned (n = 20/group) to consume either a lower-protein (1.2 g · kg(-1) · d(-1)) control diet (CON) or a higher-protein (2.4 g · kg(-1) · d(-1)) diet (PRO). All subjects performed resistance exercise training combined with high-intensity interval training for 6 d/wk. A 4-compartment model assessment of body composition was made pre- and postintervention.Results As a result of the intervention, LBM increased (P < 0.05) in the PRO group (1.2 ± 1.0 kg) and to a greater extent (P < 0.05) compared with the CON group (0.1 ± 1.0 kg). The PRO group had a greater loss of fat mass than did the CON group (PRO: -4.8 ± 1.6 kg; CON: -3.5 ± 1.4kg; P < 0.05). All measures of exercise performance improved similarly in the PRO and CON groups as a result of the intervention with no effect of protein supplementation. Changes in serum cortisol during the intervention were associated with changes in body fat (r = 0.39, P = 0.01) and LBM (r = -0.34, P = 0.03).Conclusions Our results showed that, during a marked energy deficit, consumption of a diet containing 2.4 g protein · kg(-1) · d(-1) was more effective than consumption of a diet containing 1.2 g protein · kg(-1) · d(-1) in promoting increases in LBM and losses of fat mass when combined with a high volume of resistance and anaerobic exercise. Changes in serum cortisol were associated with changes in body fat and LBM, but did not explain much variance in either measure. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01776359.

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The inclusion of only studies with participants at or above energy requirements may have omitted the significant impact protein has during periods of weight loss with resistance exercise training.
“which may have omitted the significant impact protein has during periods of weight loss with RET.88”
From A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults (2018) · cites this paper as [88]
The Results report significantly greater lean-mass gain and fat-mass loss with the higher-protein diet during an energy deficit and exercise training, supporting the point that studies limited to energy-sufficient participants could miss these effects. The Discussion cautions that dietary fat also differed between groups, so the observed effects cannot be attributed conclusively to protein alone. The trial also combined resistance training with high-intensity interval training rather than studying resistance training alone. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
CRRT with high protein consumption induces an increase in LBM and promotes larger fat loss compared with CRRT with low protein consumption.
“Longland and colleagues [34] have shown that CRRT with high protein consumption induces an increase in LBM and promotes larger fat loss, if compared to CRRT with low protein consumption.”
From Resistance Training Prevents Muscle Loss Induced by Caloric Restriction in Obese Elderly Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2018) · cites this paper as [34]
During a four-week 40% energy deficient diet, overweight recreationally active men consuming 2.4 g protein/kg body weight/day experienced greater increases in lean body mass and losses in fat mass than those consuming 1.2 g protein/kg body weight/day when combined with a high volume of resistance exercise.
“During a four-week 40% energy deficient diet, overweight recreationally active men consuming 2.4 g protein/kg body weight/day experienced greater increases in LBM and losses in FM than those consuming a diet containing 1.2 g protein/kg body weight/day when combined with a high volume of resistance exercise [25].”
From Body Composition Changes in Weight Loss: Strategies and Supplementation for Maintaining Lean Body Mass, a Brief Review (2018) · cites this paper as [25]
High protein intake does not improve muscle strength during weight loss.
“but does not improve muscle strength”
From Preserving Healthy Muscle during Weight Loss (2017) · cites this paper as [107]
Higher protein amounts are required when CHO and/or caloric intakes are low or insufficient.
“Higher protein amounts are also required when CHO and/or caloric intakes are low or insufficient [65].”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing (2019) · cites this paper as [65]

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Effects of High Versus Low Protein Intake on Body Composition and Maximal Strength in Aspiring Female Physique Athletes Engaging in an 8-Week Resistance Training Program
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Acute and Long-Term Impact of High-Protein Diets on Endocrine and Metabolic Function, Body Composition, and Exercise-Induced Adaptations
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Dietary Protein and Changes in Markers of Cardiometabolic Health across 20 Years of Follow-Up in Middle-Age Americans
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Mitigation of Muscle Loss in Stressed Physiology: Military Relevance
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Exercise Preserves Lean Mass and Performance during Severe Energy Deficit: The Role of Exercise Volume and Dietary Protein Content
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The Combined Effects of Exercise, Diet, and a Multi-Ingredient Dietary Supplement on Body Composition and Adipokine Changes in Overweight Adults
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Low-protein diets with fixed carbohydrate content promote hyperphagia and sympathetically mediated increase in energy expenditure
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The Effects of Beef, Chicken, or Whey Protein After Workout on Body Composition and Muscle Performance
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The impact and utility of very low-calorie diets: the role of exercise and protein in preserving skeletal muscle mass
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Are professional young rugby league players eating enough? Energy intake, expenditure and balance during a pre‐season
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Sculpting Success: The Importance of Diet and Physical Activity to Support Skeletal Muscle Health during Weight Loss with New Generation Anti-Obesity Medications
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Protein Nutrition for Endurance Athletes: A Metabolic Focus on Promoting Recovery and Training Adaptation
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Impact of dehydroepianrosterone (DHEA) supplementation on serum levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1): A dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
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The Effects of Very Low Energy Diets and Low Energy Diets with Exercise Training on Skeletal Muscle Mass: A Narrative Review
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Intermuscular adipose tissue and thigh muscle area dynamics during an 18-month randomized weight loss trial
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Resistance training during a 12-week protein supplemented VLCD treatment enhances weight-loss outcomes in obese patients
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International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrition and weight cut strategies for mixed martial arts and other combat sports
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Protein Supplementation During a 6-Month Concurrent Training Program: Effect on Body Composition and Muscular Strength in Sedentary Individuals
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Common questions and misconceptions about protein supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show?
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Lower protein and higher carbohydrate intake are related with altering metabolic syndrome components in elderly women: A cross-sectional study
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Effects of 16 weeks of two different high-protein diets with either resistance or concurrent training on body composition, muscular strength and performance, and markers of liver and kidney function in resistance-trained males
Bagheri, R., Kargarfard, M., Sadeghi, R., Scott, D. S., & CAMERA, D. M. (2023) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2023.2236053 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Intermittent fasting and continuous energy restriction result in similar changes in body composition and muscle strength when combined with a 12 week resistance training program
Keenan, S. J., Cooke, M. B., Hassan, E. B., Chen, W. S., Sullivan, J., Wu, S. X., El-Ansary, D., Imani, M., & Belski, R. (2022) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-022-02804-3 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Nutrition in Physical Therapist Practice: Setting the Stage for Taking Action
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Effects of a 12-Week Modified German Volume Training Program on Muscle Strength and Hypertrophy—A Pilot Study
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Nonpharmacological Interventions for the Management of Testosterone and Sperm Parameters: A Scoping Review
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A Novel Plant-Based Protein Has Similar Effects Compared to Whey Protein on Body Composition, Strength, Power, and Aerobic Performance in Professional and Semi-Professional Futsal Players
Teixeira, F. J., Matias, C. N., Faleiro, J., Giro, R., Pires, J., Figueiredo, H., Carvalhinho, R., Monteiro, C. P., Reis, J. F., Valamatos, M. J., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.934438 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
How Do Male Football Players Meet Dietary Recommendations? A Systematic Literature Review
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The Ketogenic Diet: Is It an Answer for Sarcopenic Obesity?
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Effects of Whey Protein or Its Hydrolysate Supplements Combined with an Energy-Restricted Diet on Weight Loss: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Older Women
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Greater protein intake at breakfast or as snacks and less at dinner is associated with cardiometabolic health in adults
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Whey protein consumption after resistance exercise reduces energy intake at a post-exercise meal
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The plasma proteome is favorably modified by a high protein diet but not by additional resistance training in older adults: A 17-week randomized controlled trial
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No effect of increasing protein intake during military exercise with severe energy deficit on body composition and performance
Øfsteng, S. J., Garthe, I., Jøsok, Ø., Knox, S., Helkala, K. M., Knox, B., Ellefsen, S., & Rønnestad, B. R. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.13634 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Lean mass sparing in resistance-trained athletes during caloric restriction: the role of resistance training volume
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Evaluating the Effects of Increased Protein Intake on Muscle Strength, Hypertrophy and Power Adaptations with Concurrent Training: A Narrative Review
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High-protein diets in trained individuals
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Changes in energy balance, body composition, metabolic profile and physical performance in a 62-day Army Ranger training in a hot-humid environment
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DXA‐derived estimates of energy balance and its relationship with changes in body composition across a season in team sport athletes
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Does Protein Supplementation Support Adaptations to Arduous Concurrent Exercise Training? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Military Based Applications
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Nutrient-dense protein as a primary dietary strategy in healthy ageing: please sir, may we have more?
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Physical performance during energy deficiency in humans: An evolutionary perspective.
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Influence of Fish Oil-Derived n-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Changes in Body Composition and Muscle Strength During Short-Term Weight Loss in Resistance-Trained Men
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The Impact of Different Nutritional Approaches on Body Composition in People Living with Obesity
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Effects of high‐protein diets on fat‐free mass and muscle protein synthesis following weight loss: a randomized controlled trial
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Effect of Dietary Protein Intake on Body Composition Changes During Intense Training in an Energy Deficit
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Increased Protein Intake Reduces Lean Body Mass Loss during Weight Loss in Athletes
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No effect of increasing protein intake during military exercise with severe energy deficit on body composition and performance
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Exercise Preserves Lean Mass and Performance during Severe Energy Deficit: The Role of Exercise Volume and Dietary Protein Content
Calbet, J. A. L., Ponce-González, J. G., Calle-Herrero, J. D. L., Perez-Suarez, I., Martin-Rincon, M., Santana, A., Morales-Alamo, D., & Holmberg, H.-C. (2017) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00483 · Cited by 34 · see citing works

Authors: Longland, T. M., Oikawa, S. Y., Mitchell, C. J., Devries, M. C., & Phillips, S. M.
Affiliations: McMaster University (CA)
Corresponding author: Phillips, Stuart M
ORCID: Oikawa, Sara Y
Mitchell, Cameron J
Devries, Michaela C
Phillips, Stuart M
Venue: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2016-03
Volume: 103
Issue: 3
Pages: 738-746
ISSN: 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.119339
OpenAlex: W2259417356
Cited by: 271
References: 34
Citations by year: 2026: 34 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 8
FWCI: 19.88
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 2543 d)
Locations: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
ResearchSpace (University of Auckland) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (RGPIN-2015-04613)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
Keywords: dietary protein, negative energy balance, lean body mass, fat loss, body composition, resistance training, high-intensity interval training, serum cortisol, protein supplementation, weight loss, young men, exercise performance, 4-compartment model, anaerobic exercise, muscle protein synthesis, muscle protein degradation, fat oxidation, substrate oxidation, energy expenditure, fat mass
MeSH terms: Adipose Tissue, Adult, Body Composition, Body Fluid Compartments, Energy Intake, Diet, Dietary Proteins, Physical Exertion, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Nutritional Requirements, Prospective Studies, Exercise, Single-Blind Method, Caloric Restriction, Resistance Training, Young Adult

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Higher compared with lower dietary protein during an energy deficit combined with intense exercise promotes greater lean mass gain and fat mass loss: a randomized trial

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