CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 9,128Statistical Methods in EpidemiologyMeta-analysis and systematic reviewsStatistical Methods in Clinical Trials

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Progressive Statistics for Studies in Sports Medicine and Exercise Science

HOPKINS, WILLIAM G., MARSHALL, STEPHEN W., BATTERHAM, ALAN M., HANIN, JURI·2009·Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
DOI 10.1249/mss.0b013e31818cb278
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Statistical guidelines and expert statements are now available to assist in the analysis and reporting of studies in some biomedical disciplines. We present here a more progressive resource for sample-based studies, meta-analyses, and case studies in sports medicine and exercise science. We offer forthright advice on the following controversial or novel issues: using precision of estimation for inferences about population effects in preference to null-hypothesis testing, which is inadequate for assessing clinical or practical importance; justifying sample size via acceptable precision or confidence for clinical decisions rather than via adequate power for statistical significance; showing SD rather than SEM, to better communicate the magnitude of differences in means and nonuniformity of error; avoiding purely nonparametric analyses, which cannot provide inferences about magnitude and are unnecessary; using regression statistics in validity studies, in preference to the impractical and biased limits of agreement; making greater use of qualitative methods to enrich sample-based quantitative projects; and seeking ethics approval for public access to the depersonalized raw data of a study, to address the need for more scrutiny of research and better meta-analyses. Advice on less contentious issues includes the following: using covariates in linear models to adjust for confounders, to account for individual differences, and to identify potential mechanisms of an effect; using log…

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1249/mss.0b013e31818cb278

Cites

27 of 27 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Show all 28 references

Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. Batterham, 2005, A decision tree for controlled trials., Sportscience, 9, 33
  2. Hopkins, 2004, Bias in Bland-Altman but not regression validity analyses., Sportscience, 8, 42
  3. Hopkins, 2006, Estimating sample size for magnitude-based inerences., Sportscience, 10, 63
  4. Hopkins, 2008, Research designs: choosing and fine-tuning a design for your study., Sportscience, 12, 12
  5. Hopkins, 2006, A spreadsheet for combining outcomes from several subject groups., Sportscience, 10, 51

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 801–900 of 1,076

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
HOPKINS, W. G., MARSHALL, S. W., BATTERHAM, A. M., & HANIN, J.
Affiliations
  • University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
  • Teesside University (GB)
  • Research Institute for Olympic Sports (FI)
ORCID
Venue
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2009-01
Volume
41
Issue
1
Pages
3-12
ISSN
0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1249/mss.0b013e31818cb278
OpenAlex
W2020794622
Cited by
9,128
References
28
Citations by year
2026: 571 · 2025: 765 · 2024: 856 · 2023: 735 · 2022: 882 · 2021: 901 · 2020: 887 · 2019: 750 · 2018: 767 · 2017: 588 · 2016: 360 · 2015: 284 · 2014: 305 · 2013: 175 · 2012: 115
FWCI
57.14
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) (submittedVersion)
  • Teesside University Research Portal (Teesside University) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
  • Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
  • Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
Keywords
estimation precision, null hypothesis testing, sample size justification, nonparametric statistics, limits of agreement, qualitative research, research ethics approval, covariates, logarithmic transformation, outliers, measurement error, bias, reporting guidelines, sports medicine, kinesiology
MeSH terms
Data Interpretation, Statistical, Humans, Research Design, Sports Medicine, Exercise, Sample Size, Biomedical Research

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review