Cited by 9,128Statistical Methods in EpidemiologyMeta-analysis and systematic reviewsStatistical Methods in Clinical Trials

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Progressive Statistics for Studies in Sports Medicine and Exercise Science

HOPKINS, WILLIAM G., MARSHALL, STEPHEN W., BATTERHAM, ALAN M., HANIN, JURI·2009·Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise

DOI 10.1249/mss.0b013e31818cb278

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Abstract

Statistical guidelines and expert statements are now available to assist in the analysis and reporting of studies in some biomedical disciplines. We present here a more progressive resource for sample-based studies, meta-analyses, and case studies in sports medicine and exercise science. We offer forthright advice on the following controversial or novel issues: using precision of estimation for inferences about population effects in preference to null-hypothesis testing, which is inadequate for assessing clinical or practical importance; justifying sample size via acceptable precision or confidence for clinical decisions rather than via adequate power for statistical significance; showing SD rather than SEM, to better communicate the magnitude of differences in means and nonuniformity of error; avoiding purely nonparametric analyses, which cannot provide inferences about magnitude and are unnecessary; using regression statistics in validity studies, in preference to the impractical and biased limits of agreement; making greater use of qualitative methods to enrich sample-based quantitative projects; and seeking ethics approval for public access to the depersonalized raw data of a study, to address the need for more scrutiny of research and better meta-analyses. Advice on less contentious issues includes the following: using covariates in linear models to adjust for confounders, to account for individual differences, and to identify potential mechanisms of an effect; using log…

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Authors: HOPKINS, W. G., MARSHALL, S. W., BATTERHAM, A. M., & HANIN, J.
Affiliations: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
Teesside University (GB)
Research Institute for Olympic Sports (FI)
ORCID: MARSHALL, STEPHEN W.
BATTERHAM, ALAN M.
Venue: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2009-01
Volume: 41
Issue: 1
Pages: 3-12
ISSN: 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31818cb278
OpenAlex: W2020794622
Cited by: 9,128
References: 28
Citations by year: 2026: 571 · 2025: 765 · 2024: 856 · 2023: 735 · 2022: 882 · 2021: 901 · 2020: 887 · 2019: 750 · 2018: 767 · 2017: 588 · 2016: 360 · 2015: 284 · 2014: 305 · 2013: 175 · 2012: 115
FWCI: 57.14
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) (submittedVersion)
Teesside University Research Portal (Teesside University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
Keywords: estimation precision, null hypothesis testing, sample size justification, nonparametric statistics, limits of agreement, qualitative research, research ethics approval, covariates, logarithmic transformation, outliers, measurement error, bias, reporting guidelines, sports medicine, kinesiology
MeSH terms: Data Interpretation, Statistical, Humans, Research Design, Sports Medicine, Exercise, Sample Size, Biomedical Research

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