Exercise-induced oxidative stress: the effects of β-alanine supplementation in women
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of β-alanine supplementation on markers of oxidative stress. Twenty-four women (age: 21.7±2.1 years; VO2max: 2.6±0.3 l min(-1)) were randomly assigned, in a double-blind fashion, to a β-alanine (BA, 2×800 mg tablets, 3× daily; CarnoSyn®; n=13) or placebo (PL, 2×800 mg maltodextrin tablets, 3× daily; n=11) group. A graded oxygen consumption test (VO2max) was performed to evaluate VO2max, time to exhaustion, ventilatory threshold and establish peak velocity (PV). A 40-min treadmill run was used to induce oxidative stress. Total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, 8-isoprostane (8ISO) and reduced glutathione were measured. Heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion were recorded during the 40 min run. Separate three- [4×2×2; acute (base vs. IP vs. 2 vs. 4 h)×chronic (pre- vs. post-)×treatment (BA vs. PL)] and two- [2×2; time (pre-supplement vs. post-supplement)×treatment (BA vs. PL)] way ANOVAs were used for analyses. There was a significant increase in VO2max (p=0.009), independent of treatment, with no significant changes in TTE (p=0.074) or VT (p=0.344). Ratings of perceived exertion values were significantly improved from pre- to post-supplementation for the BA group only at 40 min (p=0.02). The ANOVA model demonstrated no significant treatment effects on oxidative stress. The chronic effects of BA supplementation demonstrated little antioxidant potential, in women, and little influence on aerobic performance assessments.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Beta alanine (BA) has potential erogenicity by delaying the onset of both anaerobic and aerobic fatigue allowing for longer and/or more intense training sessions, which increases the potential for greater physiological adaptations and subsequent performance.
“The evidence for beta alanine (BA) determined potential erogenicity by delaying the onset of both anaerobic and aerobic fatigue allowing for longer and/or more intense training sessions, which increases the potential for greater physiological adaptations and subsequent performance [285,286].”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [285]
Cites
Progressive Statistics for Studies in Sports Medicine and Exercise Science
HOPKINS, W. G., MARSHALL, S. W., BATTERHAM, A. M., & HANIN, J. (2009) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31818cb278 · Cited by 9,128 · see citing works
Statistical Methods for Psychology.
Gudgeon, A. C., & Howell, D. C. (1994) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series D (The Statistician) · doi:10.2307/2348956 · Cited by 8,277 · see citing works
Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance
McArdle, W. D., Katch, F. I., & Katch, V. L. (2006) · Cited by 2,633 · see citing works
Making Meaningful Inferences About Magnitudes
Batterham, A. M., & Hopkins, W. G. (2006) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.1.1.50 · Cited by 2,186 · see citing works
Biochemistry of exercise-induced metabolic acidosis
Robergs, R. A., Ghiasvand, F., & Parker, D. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00114.2004 · Cited by 1,304 · see citing works
Antioxidant defence mechanisms: From the beginning to the end (of the beginning)
Halliwell, B. B. (1999) · Free Radical Research · doi:10.1080/10715769900300841 · Cited by 1,023 · see citing works
Antioxidant activity of carnosine, homocarnosine, and anserine present in muscle and brain.
Kohen, R., Yamamoto, Y., Cundy, K. C., & Ames, B. N. (1988) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.85.9.3175 · Cited by 794 · see citing works
Oxidative Stress: Relationship with Exercise and Training
Finaud, J., Lac, G., & Filaire, E. (2006) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200636040-00004 · Cited by 771 · see citing works
Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress in Exercise
Ji, L. L. (1999) · Proceedings of The Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1373.1999.d01-145.x · Cited by 734 · see citing works
Antioxidants: what role do they play in physical activity and health?
Clarkson, P. M., & Thompson, H. S. (2000) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/72.2.637s · Cited by 682 · see citing works
Oxidants and antioxidants in exercise
Sen, C. K. (1995) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1995.79.3.675 · Cited by 628 · see citing works
Harris, R. C., Tallon, M. J., Dunnett, M., Boobis, L., Coakley, J., Kim, H. J., Fallowfield, J. L., Hill, C. A., Sale, C., & Wise, J. A. (2006) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-006-0299-9 · Cited by 534 · see citing works
Exercise-induced oxidative stress
Alessio, H. M. (1993) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199302000-00010 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Biochemical Mechanisms for Oxygen Free Radical Formation During Exercise
Sjödin, B., Hellsten, Y., & Apple, F. S. (1990) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-199010040-00003 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Invited Review: Redox modulation of skeletal muscle contraction: what we know and what we don't
Reid, M. B. (2001) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.90.2.724 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Hill, C. A., Harris, R. C., Kim, H. J., Harris, B. D., Sale, C., Boobis, L. H., Kim, C. K., & Wise, J. A. (2007) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-006-0364-4 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Abe, H. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress
Vollaard, N. B. J., Shearman, J., & Cooper, C. E. (2005) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200535120-00004 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Derave, W., Özdemir, M. S., Harris, R. C., Pottier, A., Reyngoudt, H., Koppo, K., Wise, J. A., & Achten, E. (2007) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00397.2007 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Exercise, free radicals and oxidative stress
Cooper, C. E., Vollaard, N. B. J., Choueiri, T., & Wilson, M. T. (2002) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst0300280 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Carnosine: Its properties, functions and potential therapeutic applications
Quinn, P. J., Болдырев, А. А., & Formazuyk, V. E. (1992) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0098-2997(92)90006-l · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Are indices of free radical damage related to exercise intensity
Lovlin, R., Cottle, W. H., Pyke, I., Kavanagh, M., & BELCASTRO, A. N. (1987) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00690898 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Oxidative stress associated with exercise, psychological stress and life-style factors
Møller, P., Wallin, H., & Knudsen, L. E. (1996) · Chemico-Biological Interactions · doi:10.1016/0009-2797(96)03729-5 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
The Isoprostanes: Unique Products of Arachidonic Acid Oxidation-A Review
Fam, S. S., & Morrow, J. D. (2003) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867033457115 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Muscle Carnosine Metabolism and β-Alanine Supplementation in Relation to Exercise and Training
Derave, W., Everaert, I., Beeckman, S., & Baguet, A. (2010) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/11530310-000000000-00000 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Effect of beta-alanine supplementation on muscle carnosine concentrations and exercise performance
Sale, C., Saunders, B., & Harris, R. C. (2009) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-009-0443-4 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Болдырев, А. А., & Severin, E. S. (1990) · Advances in Enzyme Regulation · doi:10.1016/0065-2571(90)90017-v · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Role of β-Alanine Supplementation on Muscle Carnosine and Exercise Performance
Artioli, G. G., Gualano, B., Smith‐Ryan, A. E., Stout, J. R., & Lancha, A. H. (2010) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181c74e38 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Self-citationMitochondria in Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress
Meo, S. D., & Venditti, P. (2001) · Neurosignals · doi:10.1159/000046880 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
The Effect of Muscle-Damaging Exercise on Blood and Skeletal Muscle Oxidative Stress
Nikolaidis, M. G., Jamurtas, A. Z., Paschalis, V., Fatouros, I. G., Koutedakis, Y., & Kouretas, D. (2008) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200838070-00005 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Sampling Time is Crucial for Measurement of Aerobic Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress
Michailidis, Y., Jamurtas, A. Z., Nikolaidis, M. G., Fatouros, I. G., Koutedakis, Y., Papassotiriou, I., & Kouretas, D. (2007) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0b013e318053e7ba · Cited by 210 · see citing works
The buffering of muscle in rigor; protein, phosphate and carnosine
Smith, E. C. B. (1938) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1938.sp003605 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Buffering capacity of deproteinized human vastus lateralis muscle.
Parkhouse, W., Mckenzie, D., Hochachka, P., & Ovalle, W. K. (1985) · Journal of applied physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1985.58.1.14 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, and skeletal muscle contraction
Reid, M. B. (2001) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200103000-00006 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Time-Course of Changes in Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status Responses Following a Soccer Game
Fatouros, I. G., Chatzinikolaou, A., DOUROUDOS, I. I., Nikolaidis, M. G., Kyparos, A., Margonis, K., Michailidis, Y., Vantarakis, A., Taxildaris, K., Katrabasas, I., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181b60444 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Carnosine loading and washout in human skeletal muscles
Baguet, A., Reyngoudt, H., Pottier, A., Everaert, I., Callens, S., Achten, E., & Derave, W. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91357.2008 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Stout, J. R., Cramer, J. T., Zoeller, R. F., Torok, D. J., Costa, P. B., Hoffman, J. R., Harris, R. C., & OʼKroy, J. A. (2006) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-006-0474-z · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Self-citationOxidants, antioxidant nutrients and the athlete
Packer, L. (1997) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/026404197367362 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Prediction of amorphous phase stability in the metal–silicon systems
Liu, Y. Q., Shao, G., & Homewood, K. P. (2001) · Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.1063/1.1381002 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Kendrick, I. P., Harris, R. C., Kim, H. J., Kim, C. K., Dang, V. H., Lam, T. Q., Bui, T. T., Smith, M., & Wise, J. A. (2008) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-007-0008-3 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
A computer linear regression model to determine ventilatory anaerobic threshold
Orr, G. W., Green, H. J., Hughson, R. L., & Bennett, G. W. (1982) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1982.52.5.1349 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Radak, Z. O., Asano, K., Inoue, M., et al. (1995) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1995.79.1.129 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Oxidative Stress Response to Aerobic Exercise
Bloomer, R. J., Goldfarb, A. H., & MCKENZIE, M. J. (2006) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000222839.51144.3e · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Lactate and contractile force in frog muscle during development of fatigue and recovery
Fitts, R. H., & Holloszy, J. O. (1976) · American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content · doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1976.231.2.430 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Differences in the antioxidant mechanism of carnosine in the presence of copper and iron
Decker, E. A., Crum, A. D., & Calvert, J. T. (1992) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf00017a009 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Cell respiration and formation of reactive oxygen species: facts and artefacts
Nohl, H., Kozlov, A. V., Gille, L., & Staniek, K. (2003) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst0311308 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Beta-alanine improves sprint performance in endurance cycling.
van Thienen, R., van Proeyen, K., Eynde, B. V., Puype, J., Lefere, T., & Hespel, P. (2009) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31818db708 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
The Role of External and Matrix pH in Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Generation
Selivanov, V. A., Zeak, J. A., Roca, J., Cascante, M., Trucco, M., & Votyakova, T. V. (2008) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m801019200 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Hoffman, J. R., Ratamess, N. A., Faigenbaum, A. D., Ross, R., Kang, J., Stout, J. R., & Wise, J. A. (2008) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2007.11.004 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Self-citationSmith, A. E., Walter, A. A., Graef, J. L., Kendall, K. L., Moon, J. R., Lockwood, C. M., Fukuda, D. H., Beck, T. W., Cramer, J. T., & Stout, J. R. (2009) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-6-5 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citationStout, J. R., Cramer, J., Mielke, M., O'kroy, J., Torok, D., & Zoeller, R. (2006) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/r-19655.1 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Self-citationOxidative Stress Response in Trained Men following Repeated Squats or Sprints
Bloomer, R. J., Falvo, M. J., Fry, A. C., Schilling, B. K., Smith, W. A., & Moore, C. A. (2006) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000227408.91474.77 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Kendrick, I. P., Kim, H. J., Harris, R. C., Kim, C. K., Dang, V. H., Lam, T. Q., Bui, T. T., & Wise, J. A. (2009) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-009-0998-5 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Inhibition of Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidation by Carnosine and Histidine
Decker, E. A., Ivanov, V. O., Zhu, B., & Frei, B. B. (2000) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf0010533 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
The antioxidative properties of carnosine, a natural histidine containing dipeptide.
Болдырев, А. А., Am, D., AYa, B., Babizhaev, M. A., & Severin, E. S. (1987) · PubMed · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Peake, J., Wilson, G., Hordern, M., Suzuki, K., Yamaya, K., Nosaka, K., Mackinnon, L., & Coombes, J. S. (2004) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01331.2003 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Kohen, R., Vellaichamy, E., Hrbáč, J., Gati, I., & Tirosh, O. (2000) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0891-5849(00)00191-x · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Zoeller, R. F., Stout, J. R., OʼKroy, J. A., Torok, D. J., & Mielke, M. M. (2006) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-006-0399-6 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationБолдырев, А. А., Song, R., Lawrence, D. A., et al. (1999) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(99)00273-0 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Болдырев, А. А., Stvolinsky, S. L., Tyulina, O. V., Кошелев, В. Б., Hori, N., & Carpenter, D. O. (1997) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1023/a:1026374114314 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Madsen, K., Pedersen, P. K., Djurhuus, M. S., & Klitgaard, N. A. (1993) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1993.75.4.1444 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Gender-Related Differences in Muscle Injury, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptosis
Kerksick, C. M., Taylor, L. W., Harvey, A. E., & Willoughby, D. S. (2008) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31817d1cce · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Effect of Short-Term Training Cessation on Performance Measures in Distance Runners
Houmard, J. A., Hortobágyi, T., Johns, R., Bruno, N., Nute, C., Shinebarger, M. H., & Welborn, J. (1992) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2007-1024567 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
The University of North Carolina at Greensboro
Clark, C. B. (1980) · The Physics Teacher · doi:10.1119/1.2340467 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
β-Alanine and the hormonal response to exercise
Hoffman, J., Ratamess, N., Ross, R., Kang, J., Magrelli, J., Neese, K., Faigenbaum, A., & Wise, J. (2008) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2008-1038678 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Walter, A. A., Smith‐Ryan, A. E., Kendall, K. L., Stout, J. R., & Cramer, J. T. (2010) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181d82f8b · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationCardiac size and VO2max do not decrease after short-term exercise cessation
Cullinane, E. M., Sady, S. P., VADEBONCOEUR, L., et al. (1986) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-198608000-00010 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The kidney of chicken adapts to chronic metabolic acidosis: In vivo and in vitro studies
Craan, A. G., Lemieux, G. G. F., Vinay, P., et al. (1982) · Kidney International · doi:10.1038/ki.1982.142 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Egorov, S. Y., Kurella, E. G., Boldyrev, A. A., & Krasnovsky, A. A. (1997) · IUBMB Life · doi:10.1080/15216549700201731 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Hoffman, J. R., Emerson, N. S., & Stout, J. R. (2012) · Current Sports Medicine Reports · doi:10.1249/jsr.0b013e3182604983 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationFree Radical Scavenging Activity of Carnosine
Salim‐Hanna, M., Lissi, E. A., & Videla, L. A. (1991) · Free Radical Research Communications · doi:10.3109/10715769109088955 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Soller, B. R., Yang, Y., Lee, S. M. C., Wilson, C. A., & Hagan, R. (2007) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00849.2007 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Effects of carnosine, a specific component of striated muscle, on muscle and other tissues.
Severin, E. S., & Aa, B. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 9 · see citing works
[Changes in carnosine levels in muscles working in different regimens of stimulation].
Am, D., & Sl, S. (1986) · PubMed · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The effect of membrane stabilizing agents on Ca-pump of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Болдырев, А. А., Leotsakos, A., & Quinn, P. J. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
International society of sports nutrition position stand: Beta-Alanine
Trexler, E. T., Smith-Ryan, A. E., Stout, J. R., Hoffman, J. R., Wilborn, C. D., Sale, C., Kreider, R. B., Jäger, R., Earnest, C. P., Bannock, L., et al. (2015) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-015-0090-y · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Self-citationSaunders, B., Elliott-Sale, K., Artioli, G. G., Swinton, P. A., Dolan, E., Roschel, H., Sale, C., & Gualano, B. (2017) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096396 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete
Sims, S. T., Kerksick, C. M., Smith-Ryan, A. E., Janse de Jonge, X. A. K., Hirsch, K. R., Arent, S. M., Hewlings, S. J., Kleiner, S. M., Bustillo, E., Tartar, J. L., et al. (2023) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2023.2204066 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“delaying the onset of both anaerobic and aerobic fatigue allowing for longer and/or more intense training sessions, which increases the potential for greater physiological adaptations and subsequent performance [285,286].”
BackgroundSelf-citationEffects of Acute Beta-Alanine Supplementation on Anaerobic Performance in Trained Female Cyclists
GLENN, J. M., SMITH, K., MOYEN, N. E., BINNS, A., & GRAY, M. (2015) · Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology · doi:10.3177/jnsv.61.161 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
- Authors
- Smith, A. E., Stout, J. R., Kendall, K. L., Fukuda, D. H., & Cramer, J. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Oklahoma (US)
- Oklahoma State University (US)
- Venue
- Amino Acids
- Published
- 2011-11-20
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 77-90
- ISSN
- 0939-4451 (ISSN-L)
- 1438-2199
- OpenAlex
- W1967101801
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 3.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Amino Acids (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Biochemical effects in animals
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- beta-alanine supplementation, exercise-induced oxidative stress, women, cardiorespiratory fitness, VO2max, time to exhaustion, ventilatory threshold, peak velocity, antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, 8-isoprostane, reduced glutathione, treadmill running, perceived exertion, chronic supplementation
- MeSH terms
- Carnosine, Double-Blind Method, Exercise Test, Female, Glutathione, Heart Rate, Humans, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Endurance, Running, Superoxide Dismutase, beta-Alanine, Dinoprost, Reactive Oxygen Species, Oxidative Stress, Dietary Supplements, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
