Effects of Exercise Therapy on Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Patients with Schizophrenia
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Increased mortality in schizophrenia is caused largely by coronary heart disease (CHD). Low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is a key factor for CHD mortality. We compared CRF in patients with schizophrenia to CRF of matched healthy controls and reference values. Also, we examined the effects of exercise therapy on CRF in patients with schizophrenia and in controls. METHODS: Sixty-three patients with schizophrenia and 55 controls, matched for gender, age, and socioeconomic status, were randomized to exercise (n = 31) or occupational therapy (n = 32) and controls to exercise (n = 27) or life as usual (n = 28). CRF was assessed with an incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test and defined as the highest relative oxygen uptake (VO(2peak)) and peak work rate (W(peak)). Minimal compliance was 50% of sessions (n = 52). RESULTS: Male and female patients with schizophrenia had a relative VO(2peak) of 34.3 ± 9.9 and 24.0 ± 4.5 mL.kg(-1).min(-1), respectively. Patients had higher resting HR (P < 0.01) and lower peak HR (P < 0.001), peak systolic blood pressure (P = 0.02), relative VO(2peak) (P < 0.01), W(peak) (P < 0.001), RER (P < 0.001), minute ventilation (P = 0.02), and HR recovery (P < 0.001) than controls. Relative VO(2peak) was 90.5% ± 19.7% (P < 0.01) of predicted relative VO(2peak) in male and 95.9% ± 14.9% (P = 0.18) in female patients. In patients, exercise therapy increased relative VO(2peak) compared with decreased relative VO(2peak) after occupational therapy. In controls, relative VO(2peak) increased after exercise therapy and to a lesser extent after life as usual (group, P < 0.01; randomization, P = 0.03). Exercise therapy increased W(peak) in patients and controls compared with decreased W(peak) in nonexercising patients and controls (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Patients had lower CRF levels compared with controls and reference values. Exercise therapy increased VO(2peak) and W(peak) in patients and controls. VO(2peak) and W(peak) decreased in nonexercising patients.
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The authors of the largest Dutch study concluded that the training could prevent VO2 max from declining.
“The training was twice a week for six months, and the authors concluded that the training could prevent VO 2 max from declining.”
From Excess early mortality in schizophrenia. (2014) · cites this paper as Scheewe et al. 2012
38% of participants were excluded from the Dutch study because they had less than 50% attendance.
“However, 38% of participants were excluded from the study because they had less than 50% attendance.”
From Excess early mortality in schizophrenia. (2014) · cites this paper as Scheewe et al. 2012
Cites
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Excess early mortality in schizophrenia.
Laursen, T. M., Nordentoft, M., & Mortensen, P. B. (2014) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153657 · Cited by 913 · see citing works
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- Authors
- SCHEEWE, T. W., TAKKEN, T., KAHN, R. S., CAHN, W., & BACKX, F. J. G.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
- Venue
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
- Published
- 2012-10
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1834-1842
- ISSN
- 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2121381440
- Cited by
- 79
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 5.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- exercise therapy, cardiorespiratory fitness, schizophrenia, peak oxygen uptake, occupational therapy, coronary heart disease mortality, cardiopulmonary exercise testing, peak work rate, heart rate recovery, resting heart rate, blood pressure, sex differences, exercise duration, exercise frequency
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Pressure, Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena, Coronary Disease, Exercise Test, Exercise Therapy, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Fitness, Respiratory Function Tests, Respiratory Physiological Phenomena, Schizophrenia, Young Adult
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