The DOI matches its Crossref record; 162 of the 162 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 8 of the 29 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Trade Liberalization, Exports, and Technology Upgrading: Evidence on the Impact of MERCOSUR on Argentinian Firms
Open accessAbstract
This paper studies the impact of a regional free trade agreement, MERCOSUR, on technology upgrading by Argentinean firms. To guide empirical work, I introduce technology choice in a model of trade with heterogeneous firms. The joint treatment of the technology and exporting choices shows that the increase in revenues produced by trade integration can induce exporters to upgrade technology. An empirical test of the model reveals that firms in industries facing higher reductions in Brazil's tariffs increase investment in technology faster. The effect of tariffs is highest in the upper-middle range of the firm-size distribution, as predicted by the model. (JEL F13, F15, O19, O24, O33).
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Claims the paper makes
67 Own result · 57 Own interpretation · 32 Own method · 27 No basis given · 8 No full text of the sources · 6 Sources not found · 4 Partly supported · 1 Supported · 1 Supported so far · 1 Couldn’t confirm · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In the model, more productive firms make higher revenues and therefore are the only ones that find paying the fixed costs to enter the export market profitable, as in Melitz (2003).”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Melitz (2003) source
In “Firm Entry, Exit, and Export Status” (page unavailable), export profit is export revenue divided by σ minus the fixed export cost, and firms export when that profit is nonnegative. The section identifies an export-productivity cutoff, below which firms do not export because export profits would be negative. The paper’s revenue formula also increases with productivity. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“These residuals capture not only differences in technical efficiency across firms but also differences in market power, factor market distortions, or changes in the product mix, as suggested by the recent work by Lucia Foster, John Haltiwanger, and Chad Syverson (2008), Chang-Tai Hsieh and Peter Klenow (2009), and Bernard, Stephen Redding, and Peter Schott (2010), respectively.”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Lucia Foster, John Haltiwanger, and Chad Syverson (2008) source
The word “respectively” assigns the market-power point to Foster et al., not the factor-market or product-mix points. Section 2.1 (p. 13) says revenue productivity confounds technical efficiency with idiosyncratic demand and factor prices; the Introduction (p. 6) explains that producer-level prices enter revenue productivity and describes producers as price setters. Together, these support the claim that such residuals need not reflect technical efficiency alone. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not matchedcites Chang-Tai Hsieh and Peter Klenow (2009)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites Bernard, Stephen Redding, and Peter Schott (2010) source
The citation to Bernard et al. is attached to the product-mix part of the sentence, not the separate claims about market power or factor-market distortions. The paper reports that net product adding is associated with increased measured TFP and cautions that measuring productivity for multiple-product firms is problematic without product-level input data (firm-level evidence; page unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The estimated effects on the third quartile are around double the size of the average effects for all firms reported above.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The average reduction in Brazil's tariffs faced by Argentinian firms between December 1991 and December 1994 was 29 percentage points.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result, growth in exports to Brazil explains 50 percent of the growth in total exports during this period.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The model also predicts that during the liberalization period both old and new exporters upgrade technology faster than nonexporters, which is confirmed by the data.”
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I find that firms in sectors with a higher reduction in tariffs are more likely to enter the export market.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, in 1992 exporters had, on average, a higher level of spending on technology per worker than nonexporters in the same industry.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The average reduction in Brazil's tariffs increases spending on technology by 0.20 to 0.28 log points.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An empirical test of the model reveals that firms in industries facing higher reductions in Brazil's tariffs increase investment in technology faster.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 40
- It may state two separate claims as one. 80
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“recent papers in this literature like Johannes Van Biesebroeck (2005) and Jan De Loecker (2007) find increases in productivity after firms enter the export market in Ivory Coast and Slovenia, respectively.”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Johannes Van Biesebroeck (2005) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions report that African exporters improved their productivity after entering foreign markets, and Section 2.2 lists Côte d’Ivoire among the nine countries studied. The finding is reported for the pooled African sample, however, not specifically for firms in Côte d’Ivoire. The Slovenia finding is attributed to De Loecker, not to this source. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jan De Loecker (2007) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Trade liberalization can increase productivity by inducing a better allocation of production factors or the adoption of more advanced technologies.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Nina Pavcnik 2002 source
- Partly supportedcites Marc Melitz 2003 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 9, “The Impact of Trade Liberalization” (page unavailable), says greater exposure to trade raises aggregate productivity by reallocating market shares toward more productive firms. The “Changes in Aggregate Productivity” section mentions innovation as a channel in other models, but our copy does not establish adoption of more advanced technologies as a productivity mechanism in this paper. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Andrew B. Bernard et al. 2003 source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The first studies by Sofronis K. Clerides, Saul Lach, and Tybout (1998) for Colombia, Mexico, and Morocco, and Bernard and Jensen (1999) for the United States find that exporters have higher productivity than nonexporters, but this is because ex ante more productive firms become exporters, while there are no effects of exporting on productivity.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sofronis K. Clerides, Saul Lach, and Tybout (1998) source
- Partly supportedcites Bernard and Jensen (1999) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 4.1 reports that future exporters had higher labor productivity before they began exporting, supporting the selection explanation. Section 6 concludes that exporting shows little evidence of boosting productivity, but that is more cautious than the claim that exporting has no effect on productivity. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“trade integration reallocates market shares towards exporters, the most productive firms, increasing aggregate productivity.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Nina Pavcnik 2002 source
- Supportedcites Marc Melitz 2003 source
The Introduction says trade-related selection reallocates market shares from less productive firms to more productive firms that export, contributing to industry productivity growth. Section 9, “The Impact of Trade Liberalization,” likewise reports that market shares shift toward more efficient exporting firms and generate an aggregate productivity gain. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Andrew B. Bernard et al. 2003 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“The empirical methodology implemented in this paper follows the literature measuring the effects of trade liberalization on economic outcomes through changes in tariffs.10”
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [10] 10. Bernard, Andrew B., Stephen Redding, and Peter Schott. 2007. "Comparative Advantage and Hetero- geneous Firms." Review of Economic Studies, 74(1): 31-66. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes a theoretical model of responses to falling trade costs, and the passage under “Decline From” mentions historical declines in tariffs and transportation costs. Neither passage describes an empirical methodology that measures liberalization effects through tariff changes; searches for tariff changes and empirical methodology found no such account in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
- Could not verify
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“between 1992 and 1996 exports to Brazil quadrupled, while exports to the rest of the world increased only 60 percent.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular, new exporters were not more technology intensive than nonexporters before liberalization, but upgrade technology faster as they enter the export market during the liberalization period.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I find that the reduction in Brazil's tariffs had a stronger effect on both entry in the export market and technology upgrading in the third quartile of the firm size distribution.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The coefficient in the change in Brazil's tariffs ( β τ x ) is negative (-0.421) and significant (t = -5.01).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As Argentina's unilateral trade liberalization occurred before the period under study, between 1992 and 1996 Argentina's average import tariffs with respect to the rest of the world increased slightly (1 percentage point).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Instead, the binary measures of technology that I use to construct the innovation indexes are available for a larger subsample of firms (1,310 firms) that is representative in terms of size, as around 25 percent of firms in the subsample belong to each size quartile.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With the inclusion of two-digit ISIC industry dummies the correlation between capital intensity and tariffs falls to -0.06, although the correlation between tariffs and skill intensity increases to 0.06.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, after liberalization these new exporters become more technology intensive than firms that do not export, increasing their spending on technology per worker 0.37 log points faster between 1992 and 1996.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The coefficients in the regressions including all controls (columns 5 and 8) are -0.466(t = -4.80)and -0.533 (t = -3.78)and imply that the average reduction in Brazil's tariffs (24 percentage points) increases the probability of entry in the export market by 11 to 12 percentage points.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This sample is not representative for the smallest firms, while the binary measures of technology contained in the survey are available for a representative sample.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Instead, tariffs are negatively correlated with a measure of capital intensity (-0.21), suggesting that Brazil protected labor-intensive industries.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, the changes in Argentina's input tariffs with respect to the world were smaller than the output tariffs, ranging from -3 to 6 percentage points.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Column 4 presents estimation of the equation in levels including lagged export status as a control.The point estimates of β τ x r are smaller, but the same pattern is observed: the estimate of β τ x r is largest in the third quartile and precisely estimated ( β τ x 3 = -0.541,t = -3.49).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- The authors state this as an assumption: Firm size relative to the four-digit ISIC industry mean in 1992 is a proxy for initial productivity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first alternative gives very similar results, although standard errors are slightly bigger.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result, they display tariff rates above 30 percentage points for some unskilled, labor-intensive industries protected under the import substitution policy like toys, textiles, and rubber and also for skill-intensive industries that were protected under the new policy like domestic appliances, office accounting and computing, and the car industry.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The estimated coefficient is not affected by the inclusion of firm-level controls (column 2) nor by the change in Argentina's output and input tariffs with respect to the world (columns 3 to 5).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As m.f.n.tariffs in Argentina were already low before MERCOSUR was launched, the baseline for the reduction in Argentina's tariffs for imports from Brazil was only 13 percentage points on average (Table 1).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The coefficients are negative but not always statistically significant.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- The authors state this as an assumption: Firm size relative to the four-digit ISIC industry mean in 1992 is a proxy for initial productivity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The baseline m.f.n.rates for Argentina's input tariff reductions with respect to Brazil were smaller than the output tariffs reported above, with an average level of 11 percentage points in 1992.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table E.1 in online Appendix E reports estimates of equation ( 16), replacing the growth in spending on technology by the growth in spending on technology per worker as the dependent variable.The estimates of β τ x are very similar to the ones reported in Table 5.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These are on average 24 percentage points, slightly lower than 1991 tariffs, but reflect a similar variation across industries, as their correlation is 0.97.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Panel B of Table 3 reports estimation of equation (13) where the estimated coefficient goes from -0.291 (t = 4.09) in the baseline specification in column 1 to -0.490 (t = 3.40) in column 9 where all controls are included.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The coefficient on the change in Brazil's tariffs is negative and significant for all and each type of innovation.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, when these firm characteristics are included in the regressions the coefficient does not change (see panel C, columns 1 and 2); thus sample selection does not seem to play an important role.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The empirical evidence suggests that the reduction in Argentina's tariffs with respect to Brazil reduced domestic sales, while the reduction in Brazil's tariffs did not have a significant effect.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The estimated coefficient in column 2 implies that the average reduction in Brazil's tariffs induces an increase of 0.07 in the innovation index, which is 19 percent of the average innovation index (0.38).”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The point estimate is robust to the inclusion of controls for changes in Argentina's input tariffs with respect to Brazil and industry characteristics (columns 2 and 4), falls to 1.022 (t = 1.89) when changes in Brazil's tariffs are included in the regression (column 5), and becomes insignificant when in addition controls for industry or firm characteristics are included (columns 6 and 7).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike the change in Argentina's tariffs with respect to Brazil, changes in Argentina's output and input tariffs with respect to the world did not have a statistically significant effect on domestic sales.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The point estimate is double the size of the estimated average effect for all firms reported in Table 5 and more than double the estimated coefficient for the other three quartiles of the size distribution.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“To explore this issue further, I split the sample of firms in two on the basis of initial export status and show that the reduction in Brazil's tariffs induced technology upgrading in both subsamples.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The analysis of export sales at the firm level did not produce consistent results, possibly because the data combines all destinations.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results on the innovation index parallel the findings with the ST measure: the reduction in tariffs induces a statistically significant increase in innovation only in the third quartile of the size distribution, where the point estimate of β τ x r is -0.359 (t = 2.70), as reported in column 4.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Panel B reports IV estimates, where both the magnitude of the coefficient increases and standard errors fall, suggesting that measurement error in tariffs might produce attenuation bias in the OLS results.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The coefficient is similar to the one estimated for the full sample and significant in almost all specifications.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The estimated coefficient of the effect of Brazil's tariffs on ST and innovation in the third quartile of the firm size distribution is not affected by the inclusion of these controls and is always significant at the 1 percent confidence level.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The coefficients are negative but not statistically significant; thus it is possible that some firms in the first, second, and fourth quartiles were induced to upgrade technology by the reduction in Brazil's tariffs.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More importantly, changes in technology not only affect productivity but can have implications for factor markets if new technologies use skilled labor more intensively.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“when variable trade costs (τ) fall, and not all firms export ( τ σ-1 f x > f ): (i) The fraction of surviving firms that export, p x = ( φ x / φ * ) -k , and the fraction of surviving of firms that use technology h, p h = ( φ h / φ * ) -k , increase.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the result that old exporters upgrade technology when trade costs fall obtains only when the costs of technology adoption are high (relative to fixed exporting costs), which is more likely to be the case in developing countries.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Indeed, several studies have documented increases in the relative demand for skill in developing countries during the trade liberalization period, 9 leaving the open question of whether skill-biased technological change might have been an endogenous response to trade liberalization.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] 9. Bernard, Andrew B., and J. Bradford Jensen. 2004. "Why Some Firms Export." Review of Economics and Statistics, 86(2): 561-69. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“it was inspired by the insight in Stephen R. Yeaple (2005) that a reduction in trade costs increases the share of firms that export and use the most advanced technology.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Stephen R. Yeaple (2005) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is because the benefit of adoption is proportional to revenues, while its cost is fixed.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This paper differs from this literature in that the outcome of interest is technology instead of productivity, and in that it analyzes the effect of bilateral trade liberalization on technology adoption, not the effect of exporting.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The opposite finding, even in the context of a trade reform, can't be fully attributed to it, especially in the context of simultaneous implementation of other market-oriented reforms that might have made it possible for some firms to invest in productivity improvements and thus enter the export market.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In online Appendix A, I show that in this equilibrium firms sort into four different groups: the least productive firms (φ < φ * ) exit, the low productivity firms ( φ * < φ < φ x ) serve only the domestic market and use technology l, the medium productivity firms ( φ x < φ < φ h ) still use technology l but also export, and the most productive firms ( φ h < φ) both export and use technology h.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Still, a main potential problem is that other reforms carried out in the same period could have had heterogeneous effects on industries with different characteristics.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Other reforms in the same period did not have heterogeneous effects across industries that would confound the estimated tariff effects.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first departure from previous literature, namely the focus on investment in technology as the outcome of interest, has the advantage of isolating a particular mechanism through which firm productivity can improve.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this setup, a bilateral reduction in tariffs increases export revenues more than it decreases domestic revenues, inducing more firms to adopt the new technology.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Brazil's tariffs provide a good source of arguably exogenous variation, as they fell from an average of 29 percent in 1991 to zero in 1995, and varied extensively across industries.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Their finding that the reduction in US tariffs induced productivity increases in only the least productive new entrants in the export market for the case of Canada contrasts with the findings for Argentina where the reduction in Brazil's tariffs induced technology upgrading mostly in the third quartile of the firm-size distribution and not only in new but also in old exporters.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Alla Lileeva and Trefler (2010) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Instead, the result is due to the asymmetric effect of trade liberalization in models of heterogeneous firms with fixed exporting costs: while firms serving only the domestic market lose revenues, exporters see their revenues increase.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I show that a reduction in trade costs increases export revenues, inducing more firms to enter the export market and upgrade technology.”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, both entry in the export market and technology upgrading could be caused by other economic reforms undertaken in the same period if these had heterogeneous effects on firms with different characteristics.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A potential problem in the estimation of equation (13) restricted to nonexporters in 1992 is sample selection.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The patterns in the data described above show that there is a coincidence between entry in the export market and technology upgrading but can't establish whether it is expanded export opportunities that cause technology adoption, vice versa, or whether both are caused by a third factor.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the model, underlying productivity differences produce a sorting of firms into three groups: the low productivity firms serve only the domestic market and use the low technology, the medium productivity firms still use the low technology but also export, and the most productive firms both export and use the high technology.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As changes in tariffs are predetermined, they are unlikely to be driven by political pressures arising from the effects of liberalization in Brazil or Argentina, or by contemporaneous shocks to industrial performance.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Berlinski et al. (2006) note that the tariff structure in 1988 was based on the tariffs implemented in 1957 under the import substitution policy.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Berlinski et al. (2006)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sample is representative of firms owning establishments with more than ten employees and is based on 1993 census data.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The new tariffs would vary between 0 and 20 percent, except for a few goods facing 30-35 percent tariff rates.24”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Berlinski et al. (2006)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A potential problem of the specification in equation ( 12) is that if there are sunk exporting costs, current export status might depend on lagged export status, 36 which in turn is likely to be negatively correlated with the initial level of Brazil's tariffs.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Instead, after a new government took power in march 1990 NTBs were eliminated and tariffs were reduced gradually according to a timetable ending in January 1994.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Berlinski et al. (2006)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The problem with this estimation strategy is that it would induce serial correlation in the error terms, as the variation across time in Brazil's tariffs is fully determined by their level in 1992.As a result, the standard error of the estimated coefficients would understate their standard deviation, as noted by Marianne Bertrand, Esther Duflo, and Sendhil Mullainathan (2004).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Marianne Bertrand, Esther Duflo, and Sendhil Mullainathan (2004)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this case, first differencing eliminates time-invariant plant and sector heterogeneity:”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Still, the fact that within each sector exporters and new exporters are upgrading technology faster than other firms could reflect other shocks that affect middle and high productivity firms differentially.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The model predicts that in sectors where tariffs are higher the exporting cutoff is higher; thus it is likely that in sectors with high initial tariffs nonexporters are more productive than in sectors with low initial tariffs, creating a positive correlation between Brazil's tariffs in 1992 and unobserved productivity, thus biasing downwards the coefficient on the change in tariffs.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is not inconsistent with the model, as size is not a perfect measure of productivity, and the exporting cutoffs might differ across industries.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Firm size relative to the four-digit ISIC industry mean in 1992 is a proxy for initial productivity.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular, the model predicts that the reduction in tariffs would induce firms in the middle range of the productivity distribution to enter the export market but should not affect firms in the lower and upper ranges of the distribution.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“possibly because these are correlated with Brazil's tariffs but had an effect of the opposite sign in technology adoption, although it is not statistically significant.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, the 1991 m.f.n.import tariffs of Brazil are the same for Argentina and the rest of the world and are therefore unlikely to be targeted to industry characteristics particular to Argentina, whose share of Brazil's trade was only 7.7 percent.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They are also less stable, possibly due to the omission of unobserved time-invariant industry characteristics.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Still, estimation of equation ( 13) is useful because first-difference and lagged-dependent variable estimates have a bracketing property: if the first-difference specification in (12) is correct, then (13) will tend to underestimate the absolute value of β τ x , while if the lagged-dependent variable specification in (13) is correct, then (12) will tend to overestimate the absolute value β τ x .”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The initial level of Brazil's tariffs is negatively correlated with export status in 1992.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Still, if industries with different initial characteristics are on different trends, Brazil's tariffs could be capturing some omitted industry-level time-varying variable.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An additional issue concerning the use of Brazil's tariffs to measure the effect of expanded export opportunities on entry in the export market and technology upgrading is that they might be correlated with changes in Argentina's tariffs during this period, as long as the structure of protection was similar between the two countries in 1992.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As discussed above, Brazil's trade policy is correlated with some industry characteristics, and omitting them could be an important source of bias.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this setting a reduction in variable trade costs increases exporting revenues, inducing firms in the middle range of the productivity distribution to enter the export market and upgrade technology.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They argue that the first reforms implemented in 1988-89 did not have significant effects on the degree of protection of the domestic industry, as NTBs, which were the main instrument of protection, were not modified.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Berlinski et al. (2006)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is possible that this is due to the reduction in Argentina's output tariffs having an effect on innovation of the opposite sign, although the estimate is only marginally significant (column 3).”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This linearization does not respect functional form, thus estimation attempts only to recover the signs of the partial derivative of interest and to assess the economic significance of the estimated coefficients.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, the tariff reductions were programmed in 1991 and reach a level of zero for all industries 32 in 1995.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in their baseline model the effect of a bigger market size is counteracted by the increased competition with technologies embedded in imports, so that there is no effect of lower barriers to trade on innovation.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jonathan Eaton and Samuel Kortum (2001) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This implies that firms that were already exporting in 1992 are induced to upgrade technology by the reduction in Brazil's tariffs, which is consistent with technology upgrading being driven by the increase in revenues.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As mentioned above, this is not inconsistent with the model, as size is not a perfect measure of productivity, and the technology adoption cutoffs might differ across industries.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Firm size is an imperfect proxy for productivity.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The evidence is consistent with falling trading partner's tariffs increasing revenues for exporters and making adoption of new technologies profitable for more firms.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Standard errors are clustered at the 4-digit ISIC industry level.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This might be due to the fact that the changes in Argentina's tariffs with respect to the world were smaller, as unilateral trade liberalization took place before 1992.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Argentina's unilateral trade liberalization occurred before 1992.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The IV estimates use Brazil's tariffs in 1991 to instrument for Brazil's tariffs in 1992 in an attempt to correct for measurement error in Brazil's tariffs.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“InYeaple (2005) firms are ex ante homogeneous, but in equilibrium all firms are indifferent between entering the export market and adopting the new technology or serving only the domestic market and using the old technology.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Yeaple (2005) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I use initial firm size measured as employment relative to the four-digit industry mean in 1992 as a proxy for productivity, as the survey does not provide for measures of value added nor a long enough series of investment that would permit calculation of productivity as a residual of an estimated production function.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The mechanism generating quality upgrading in his model is the higher valuation for high quality goods of consumers in developed countries, the United States in this case.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Verhoogen (2008) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As measures of technology I use spending in technology, spending on technology per worker, and spending on technology over sales; all produce similar results.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The evidence is thus not conclusive but suggestive that the reduction in Argentina's tariffs with respect to Brazil reduced domestic sales.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The finding that firms in the top quartile of the size distribution did not increase ST in response to the reduction in tariffs suggests that they were above the threshold before, or regardless of, liberalization.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The coefficients are negative but not statistically significant; thus it is possible that some firms in the first, second, and fourth quartiles were induced to upgrade technology by the reduction in Brazil's tariffs.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the survey contains a series of questions asking whether the firm performed a certain category of innovation or improvement in products or production process during the period 1992-1996 that I use to perform robustness checks.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A similar approach was followed by Eric A.Verhoogen (2008) who develops a model where increased trade with more developed countries increases production of high quality goods and tests it in the context of Mexico's 1994 devaluation.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Verhoogen (2008) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
The model assumes two symmetric countries and symmetric trade costs.
“I consider the case of two symmetric countries engaging in bilateral trade liberalization.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Firm productivity is drawn from a known Pareto distribution.
“Entrants then draw their productivity from a known Pareto cumulative distribution function g(φ) = 1 -φ -k with k > 1.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Consumer preferences take a CES form with elasticity of substitution greater than one.
“Preferencesacross varieties have the standard CES form, with an elasticity of substitution σ = 1/(1 -ρ) > 1.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The marginal firm in the model is a nonexporter.
“This is implicitly assumed in the zero profit condition for the marginal firm (equation ( 1)) used to derive equation (3).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Other reforms in the same period did not have heterogeneous effects across industries that would confound the estimated tariff effects.
“Still, a main potential problem is that other reforms carried out in the same period could have had heterogeneous effects on industries with different characteristics.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Firm size relative to the four-digit ISIC industry mean in 1992 is a proxy for initial productivity.
“As a proxy for initial productivity, I use initial firm size in terms of (log) employment in primary school equivalents relative to the four-digit industry average, as detailed in online Appendix D.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The initial level of Brazil's tariffs is negatively correlated with export status in 1992.
“This is because the initial level of Brazil's tariffs is negatively correlated with export status in 1992.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The theoretical model treats the two countries symmetrically, with identical tariff changes for both.
“The mapping of this prediction to the data is not straightforward, as the model considers a fully symmetric case where changes in tariffs are the same for both countries.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Firm size is an imperfect proxy for productivity.
“As mentioned above, this is not inconsistent with the model, as size is not a perfect measure of productivity, and the technology adoption cutoffs might differ across industries.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Argentina's unilateral trade liberalization occurred before 1992.
“This might be due to the fact that the changes in Argentina's tariffs with respect to the world were smaller, as unilateral trade liberalization took place before 1992.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The benefit of adopting technology is proportional to revenues, while its cost is fixed.
“The benefit of technology adoption is proportional to revenues while its cost is fixed.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
For expected profits to be positive, the parameter restriction k > σ − 1 must hold.
“Note that for expected profits to be positive we need to impose the parameter restriction: k > σ -1.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ A. Trade Liberalization
“89 percent by June 2004, and finally 100 percent by December 1994.”
§ A. Trade Liberalization
“They were to be implemented gradually according to a semiannual timetable starting with a 54 percent reduction in December 1991 and finishing at 100 percent in December 1994.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Technology Upgrading by Export
“changes in Argentina's output and input tariffs with respect to the world did not have a statistically significant effect on domestic sales.”
§ IV. Concluding Remarks
“| Outputs | | | -1.171 | | -1.425 | | | | | [0.786] | | [0.788]* |”
Citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 1,573
Firm innovation under import competition from low‐wage countries
Chakravorty, U., Liu, R., Tang, R., et al. (2023) · World Economy · doi:10.1111/twec.13535 · Cited by 16
Is the productivity premium of internationalized firms technology-driven?
Battisti, M., Belloc, F., & Gatto, M. D. (2020) · Empirical Economics · doi:10.1007/s00181-020-01936-x · Cited by 16
“…grows as a consequence of a process of “learning by exporting” (Delgado et al. 2002; Van Biesebroeck 2005; Lileeva and Trefler 2010; Serti and Tomasi 2008; De Loecker 2007) or due to technology upgrading effects induced by international competitiveness shocks (i.e., Bustos 2011; Bloom et al. 2016).”
BackgroundWealth Inequality and Endogenous Growth
Lee, B. (2022) · Journal of Monetary Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jmoneco.2022.11.004 · Cited by 17
Technology, skill, and growth in a global economy
Jung, J. (2018) · Economic Theory · doi:10.1007/s00199-018-1136-6 · Cited by 16
Heterogeneous firms and informality: the effects of trade liberalization on labour markets
Becker, D. (2017) · Oxford Economic Papers · doi:10.1093/oep/gpx029 · Cited by 20
MARKET ACCESS, INVESTMENT, AND HETEROGENEOUS FIRMS*
Spearot, A. C. (2013) · International Economic Review · doi:10.1111/iere.12008 · Cited by 16
“This result is in stark contrast to models using CES demand, such as Bustos (2011), where high-productivity firms invest in new technology alongside investing in export market access.”
BackgroundResultDoes Freer Trade Really Lead to Productivity Growth? Evidence from AfricaPreprint
Bresnahan, L., Coxhead, I., Foltz, J. D., et al. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2251235 · Cited by 16
“Bustos (2011) develops a theoretical model of precisely this phenomenon and tests it empirically using firm-level panel data in the context of the Mercosur RTA.”
Antidumping Protection Hurts Exporters: Firm-Level Evidence from FrancePreprint
Konings, J., & Vandenbussche, H. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1465327 · Cited by 17
Conconi, P., & HOWSE, R. L. (2012) · World Trade Review · doi:10.1017/s1474745611000504 · Cited by 16
“12 For example, Bustos (2011) introduces investment decisions in a model of trade with heterogeneous fi rms and shows that stronger import competition increases fi rms ’ incentives to innovate.”
BackgroundLi, H., Li, L., & Ma, H. (2022) · China Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2022.101809 · Cited by 16
Mapping the research about organisations in the latin american context: a bibliometric analysis
Tautiva, J. A. D., Rivera, F. I. R., Celume, S. A. B., & Rivera, S. A. R. (2022) · Management Review Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11301-022-00296-3 · Cited by 24
“Lastly, Giuliani and Bell (2005) published in Research Policy the most cited article between the years 2004–2009 with 640 citations, Bustos (2011) In addition, several conclusions can be drawn from our bibliometric analysis.”
InfluentialYang, X., Xu, H., Qiu, Z., et al. (2023) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-023-30126-2 · Cited by 15
“…technology upgrading” through the export learning effect, this may be merely an investment made to cater to foreign buyers (Dai and Yu 2013); thus, such innovation cannot be characterized as an improvement in firms’ independent innovation capacity and green innovation awareness (Bustos 2011).”
Opposing Firm-Level Responses to the China Shock: Output Competition versus Input Supply
Aghion, P., Bergeaud, A., Lequien, M., Melitz, M. J., & Zuber, T. (2024) · American Economic Journal Economic Policy · doi:10.1257/pol.20210753 · Cited by 24
Global engagement and the occupational structure of firms
Davidson, C., Heyman, F., Matusz, S. J., Sjöholm, F., & Zhu, S. C. (2017) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2017.08.009 · Cited by 16
Firms' imports and quality upgrading: Evidence from Chinese firms
Zhu, M., & Tomasi, C. (2020) · World Economy · doi:10.1111/twec.12934 · Cited by 16
“Bustos (2011) finds that a regional free trade agreement led Argentine firms to upgrade their technologies and quality.”
BackgroundDoes international trade provide incentives for efficient behaviour of Russian manufacturing firms?
Golikova, V. V., Romanovna, G. K., & Kuznetsov, B. (2012) · Post-Communist Economies · doi:10.1080/14631377.2012.675163 · Cited by 15
“Thus ‘the differences between exporters and non-exporters are not completely explained by selection of the most productive firms into the export market but are partly induced by participation in export markets’ (Bustos 2011, p.339).”
BackgroundThe role of investments in export growth
Peluffo, A. (2016) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-016-9714-0 · Cited by 15
“In addition, studies by Yeaple (2005) and Bustos (2011) highlight the link between firm-level exports and decisions about hiring skilled workers.”
Mao, Q., & Sheng, B. (2017) · China Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2017.07.011 · Cited by 14
Can a larger market foster R&D under monopolistic competition with variable mark-ups?
Bykadorov, I., & Kokovin, S. G. (2017) · Research in Economics · doi:10.1016/j.rie.2017.10.006 · Cited by 15
Elliott, R., Jabbour, L., & Vanino, E. (2019) · Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1111/obes.12324 · Cited by 15
“Our results are consistent with the idea that productive firms self-select into exporting and innovating activities (Aw et al., 2011 and Bustos, 2011).”
BackgroundResultHong Kong Institute for Monetary and Financial Research (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2386412 · Cited by 16
Comparative Advantage and Within-Industry Firms PerformancePreprint
Crozet, M., & Trionfetti, F. (2011) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 15
Wage and Employment Gains from Exports: Evidence from Developing CountriesPreprint
Brambilla, I., Chauvin, N. D., & Porto, G. (2015) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 15
Decomposing the Effect of Trade on the Gender Wage GapPreprint
Benguria, F., & Ederington, J. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2907094 · Cited by 15
“upgrading as in Bustos 2011) that impact the demand for different occupations and thus occupation wages (even within the same industry). Indeed, this is roughly the story behind a sequence of papers (Juhn et al. (2013) and Juhn et al. (2014)) that argue that trade liberalization might induce firms to acquire new techn…”
BackgroundInfluentialDo exports and innovation matter for the demand of skilled labor?
Aboushady, N., & Zaki, C. R. (2020) · International Review of Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/02692171.2020.1822298 · Cited by 17
“Using a similar methodology, Bustos (2011) found that tariff reduction in certain sectors in Brazil’s induces the most productive Argentinean firms operating in the same industries to upgrade skill and technology. In contrast to the common assumption that the most productive firms ‘selfselect’ into exporting activitie…”
BackgroundMethodFDI deregulation and firm innovation: Evidence from firm patents
Gao, Y., Yin, S., Ferrett, B., & Gao, B. (2023) · China Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2023.102060 · Cited by 15
Branstetter, L., & Laverde-Cubillos, N. R. (2023) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2023.103818 · Cited by 14
Tinits, P., Yi, J., Fey, C. F., & Meng, S. (2024) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2024.102345 · Cited by 15
Exports, R&D and Productivity: A test of the Bustos-model with German enterprise data
Wagner, J. (2012) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 14
Export Destinations and Input Prices: Evidence from Portugal
Bastos, P., & Silva, J. (2012) · Cited by 14
Financial choice and international trade
Cho, I., Contessi, S., Russ, K., et al. (2017) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2017.12.008 · Cited by 14
Laborda, J., Fumás, V. S., & Suárez, C. (2020) · Journal of Open Innovation Technology Market and Complexity · doi:10.3390/joitmc6020033 · Cited by 14
Innovation and Exporting: A Study on Eastern European Union Firms
Bertarelli, S., & Lodi, C. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10103607 · Cited by 14
“The first group comprises all firms adopting a baseline or low technology (Bustos, 2011).”
InfluentialIs Regional Trade Integration a Growth and Convergence Engine in Africa?
Gammadigbé, V. (2021) · IMF Working Paper · doi:10.5089/9781513567716.001 · Cited by 14
Reinvigorating Trade and Inclusive Growth
Fund, I. M. (2018) · MF Policy Paper · doi:10.5089/9781498309905.007 · Cited by 14
Menéndez, I., Owen, E., & Walter, S. (2023) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/00104140231152800 · Cited by 17
“Trade in developing countries is associated with rising inequality (Goldberg & Pavcnik, 2007; Ha, 2012; Harrison & Hanson, 1999; Helpman et al., 2017; Pavcnik, 2017) and skill premiums (Acemoglu, 2003; Bustos, 2011; Feenstra & Hanson, 1997; Robbins & Gindling, 1999).”
BackgroundInfluentialGrowing into Export Markets: The Impact of Exporting on Firm‐level Investment in I ndonesia
Rho, Y., & Rodrigue, J. (2014) · Review of International Economics · doi:10.1111/roie.12156 · Cited by 13
The glass border: Gender and exporting in developing countries
Davies, R. B., & Mazhikeyev, A. (2020) · World Economy · doi:10.1111/twec.13075 · Cited by 14
“Similarly, female ownership on its own has no significant effect.”
BackgroundTrade margins, quality upgrading, and China’s agri-food export growth
Tian, D., Hu, N., Wang, X., et al. (2016) · China Agricultural Economic Review · doi:10.1108/caer-12-2013-0156 · Cited by 14
Trading with China: Productivity gains, job losses
Ahn, J., & Duval, R. (2017) · Economics Letters · doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2017.07.015 · Cited by 14
Exploring innovation and export interplay in Canadian firms
Fuentes, C. D., Niosi, J. E., & Peerally, J. A. (2020) · Economics of Innovation and New Technology · doi:10.1080/10438599.2020.1786999 · Cited by 14
“…documented and shown that international trade can have a substantial impact on firms’ decisions to exit, to export and to invest in R&D in order to improve the cost and quality of existing products and to create new products i.e. to innovate (Bustos 2011; Atkeson and Burstein 2010; Melitz 2003).”
BackgroundHow import integration changes firms’ decisions to innovate
Gonchar, K., & Kuznetsov, B. (2015) · The Annals of Regional Science · doi:10.1007/s00168-015-0697-6 · Cited by 14
Trade induced technical change? The impact of Chinese imports on technology and employment
Bloom, N., Draca, M., & Reenen, J. M. V. (2008) · Cited by 15
Selection and Market Reallocation: Productivity Gains from Multinational ProductionPreprint
Alfaro, L., & Chen, M. X. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2101302 · Cited by 13
Does internationalization foster firm performance
van den Berg, M. (2014) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · Cited by 14
Free Trade Agreements and Firm-Product Markups in Chilean ManufacturingPreprint
Lamorgese, A. R., Linarello, A., & Warzynski, F. (2014) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 14
Trade and the Environment: New Methods, Measurements, and Results
Cherniwchan, J., Copeland, B. R., & Taylor, M. S. (2016) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w22636 · Cited by 15
Court Enforcement, Bank Loans and Firm Investment: Evidence from a Bankruptcy Reform in BrazilPreprint
Ponticelli, J. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2179022 · Cited by 14
“My theoretical framework builds on Melitz (2003) and Bustos (2011), by adding financial frictions that depend on both national bankruptcy rules and efficiency of local courts.”
The Global Financial Resource Curse
Benigno, G., Fornaro, L., & Wolf, M. (2024) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20211792 · Cited by 13
The Impact of Environmental Regulation on Firms' Product Quality: Evidence from Chinese Exporters
Wang, L. (2022) · Environmental and Resource Economics · doi:10.1007/s10640-023-00806-1 · Cited by 15
“Second, regulations can incentivize firms to use more environmentally friendly inputs (Kugler and Verhoogen 2012) and engage in technological improvements and R &D innovation activities (Porter 1991; Porter and Van der Linde 1995; André et al. 2009; Bustos 2011), which could enhance product quality.”
BackgroundREGIONAL INTEGRATION AND POVERTY: A REVIEW OF THE TRANSMISSION CHANNELS AND THE EVIDENCE
Martuscelli, A., & Gasiorek, M. (2018) · Journal of Economic Surveys · doi:10.1111/joes.12283 · Cited by 13
Firm-Level Investment and Exporting: New Empirical Evidence from Ghana and Tanzania
Esaku, S., & Krugell, W. (2019) · International Economic Journal · doi:10.1080/10168737.2019.1663440 · Cited by 15
“Additionally, Bustos (2011) finds that falling tariffs induce firms to upgrade their production technology.”
InfluentialGlobal value chain embeddedness, labour productivity and employment in the Asia-Pacific countries
Jangam, B. P. (2020) · Studies in Economics and Finance · doi:10.1108/sef-10-2019-0408 · Cited by 13
Financial structures, banking regulations, and export dynamics
Minetti, R., Mulabdić, A., Ruta, M., et al. (2021) · Journal of Banking & Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jbankfin.2021.106056 · Cited by 13
Special and Differential Treatment for Developing Countries
(2015) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/10465.003.0007 · Cited by 13
Danish, M. S., Haider, S., Dhanora, M., et al. (2021) · Transnational Corporation Review · doi:10.1080/19186444.2021.1908791 · Cited by 13
“In addition to the macro-level studies discussed in Section 2.1, the micro-level data-based studies also find a positive effect on the firm’s innovation and export behaviour (Bustos, 2011; Caldera, 2010; Melitz, 2003).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCostantini, V., Sciabolazza, V. L., & Paglialunga, E. (2022) · The Journal of Technology Transfer · doi:10.1007/s10961-022-09928-y · Cited by 13
“remain competitive on external markets (see among others Andersson and Lööf, 2009; Bustos, 2011; Lileeva and Trefler, 2010; Liu and Buck, 2007).”
BackgroundDecomposing the Effect of Trade on the Gender Wage Gap
Benguria, F., & Ederington, J. (2017) · Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d économique · doi:10.1111/caje.12668 · Cited by 29
From Selling Goods to Selling Services: Firm Responses to Trade Liberalization
Holger Breinlich, Y., Soderbery, A., & Wright, G. (2018) · American Economic Journal Economic Policy · doi:10.1257/pol.20150116 · Cited by 16
“11 Throughout, we normalize this measure by firm revenue in order to capture firm intensity in R&D.”
BackgroundMethodTransport Infrastructure, City Productivity Growth and Sectoral Reallocation: Evidence from China
Yang, Y. (2018) · IMF Working Paper · doi:10.5089/9781484389584.001 · Cited by 20
OECD (2012) · doi:10.1787/9789264184855-ko · Cited by 13
Technological Change, Trade in Intermediates and the Joint Impact on ProductivityPreprint
Bøler, E. A., Moxnes, A., & Ulltveit‐Moe, K. H. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 13
Productivity, Quality, and Export IntensitiesPreprint
Crinò, R., Epifani, P., Crinòy, R., et al. (2010) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 13
Juvenal, L., & Monteiro, P. S. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2249956 · Cited by 13
Achieving New Zealand’s productivity potential
CONWAY, P. P. (2017) · OECD productivity working papers · doi:10.1787/e8a2d791-en · Cited by 13
The Geography of Business Dynamism and Skill-Biased Technical Change
Rubinton, H. (2020) · doi:10.20955/wp.2020.020 · Cited by 13
“…(Fort, 2017; Fort et al., 2018) and some models of a skill biased technology choice where firms trade a high fixed cost for a low marginal cost (Bustos, 2011; Hsieh and Rossi-Hansberg, 2019; Yeaple, 2005), Beaudry et al. (2010) were the first to recognize that the incentives firms face to…”
BackgroundPreferential Trade Agreements and Global SourcingPreprint
Ornelas, E., Turner, J. L., & Bickwit, G. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3270993 · Cited by 13
“Furthermore, we are interested in how they a¤ect investment and matching patterns related to international sourcing decisions, not a special concern in the analyses of Bustos (2011) and Lileeva and Tre er (2010).”
Export Destinations and Input Prices
Bastos, P., Silva, J., & Verhoogen, E. (2014) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-6914 · Cited by 13
Trade policy uncertainty and innovation: Evidence from China
Coelli, F. (2025) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2025.104170 · Cited by 25
Expósito, A., Sanchis-Llopis, A., & Sanchis‐Llopis, J. A. (2022) · Eurasian economic review : · doi:10.1007/s40821-022-00210-7 · Cited by 12
“In addition, importing intermediate inputs may require searching for the best supplier or incurring investments to obtain superior quality inputs, or importing overseas technologies integrated in intermediate inputs (Bustos, 2011).”
BackgroundInnovation as a resilience strategy to economic crises for international food and drink firms
Curzi, D., Materia, V. C., & Vaquero‐Piñeiro, C. (2022) · Agribusiness · doi:10.1002/agr.21777 · Cited by 12
Technology adoption and specialized labor
Carroni, E., Delogu, M., & Pulina, G. (2023) · International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.inteco.2023.01.003 · Cited by 15
Immigration and Business Dynamics: Evidence from U.S. Firms
Mahajan, P. (2024) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1093/jeea/jvae022 · Cited by 26
Trade Policy Uncertainty, Financing Constraints, and Firm Innovation: Evidence from China
Gao, S., & Li, Z. (2024) · Journal of the Knowledge Economy · doi:10.1007/s13132-024-02246-8 · Cited by 16
“Heightened financing constraints can hinder enterprises’ ability to raise funds necessary for innovation, thereby affecting innovation decisions (Brown et al., 2009; Bustos, 2011).”
Innovation’s false spring: U.S. export controls and Chinese patent quality
Kang, Y., Ma, X., Xie, M., et al. (2024) · Journal of International Money and Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jimonfin.2024.103229 · Cited by 12
Economic complexity in Africa: the role of Chinese FDI and trade
Ajide, F. M., Osinubi, T. T., Oladipupo, S. A., et al. (2024) · Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies · doi:10.1108/jcefts-07-2024-0063 · Cited by 12
Trade, technology, and the labour market: impacts on wage inequality within countries
Wang, W., FINDLAY, C. C., & Thangavelu, S. M. (2021) · Asian-Pacific Economic Literature · doi:10.1111/apel.12313 · Cited by 12
Making one’s own way: jumping ahead in the capability space and exporting among Indian firms
Grazzi, M., Mathew, N., & Moschella, D. (2021) · Journal of Evolutionary Economics · doi:10.1007/s00191-020-00718-z · Cited by 13
“Costantini and Melitz (2008), Lileeva and Trefler (2010), and Bustos (2011) have explored the linkages between investments in innovation and the decision to export in the context of the liberalization of trade regimes.”
BackgroundWu, R., & Chiou, J. (2021) · Atlantic Economic Journal · doi:10.1007/s11293-021-09696-4 · Cited by 12
“(2007), Bustos (2011), and Verhoogen (2008), who theoretically asserted that learning is possible only with a sufficiently high investment in innovation.”
BackgroundIs learning by exporting technology specific? Evidence from Chinese firms
Fang, W., Xu, Z., & Dai, X. (2021) · Economics of Innovation and New Technology · doi:10.1080/10438599.2021.1910031 · Cited by 12
“On the other hand, exporters invest in more productive technologies or adopt the best-practice production techniques (Costantini and Melitz 2007; Atkeson and Burstein 2010; Bustos 2011; Lileeva and Trefler 2010).”
BackgroundGlobalization, Productivity Performance, and the Transformation of the Production Process*
Baldwin, J. R., & Yan, B. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Economics · doi:10.1111/sjoe.12454 · Cited by 12
Within‐firm wage inequality and firm‐level exports
Georgiev, B., & Henriksen, J. J. (2019) · Review of International Economics · doi:10.1111/roie.12439 · Cited by 12
The Interaction Between Technology Adoption and Trade When Firms are Heterogeneous
Unel, B. (2013) · Review of International Economics · doi:10.1111/roie.12071 · Cited by 16
ICT and global sourcing – evidence for German manufacturing and service firms
Rasel, F. (2016) · Economics of Innovation and New Technology · doi:10.1080/10438599.2016.1267939 · Cited by 12
“Furthermore, exporters are found to be more capital intensive (e.g. Bernard et al. 2012) and more ICT intensive (e.g. Bertschek, Hogrefe, and Rasel 2015) than non-exporters and use in general more advanced technology (e.g. Bustos 2011).”
BackgroundAccetturo, A., Bugamelli, M., & Lamorgese, A. R. (2013) · Economics Letters · doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2013.09.029 · Cited by 31
Green Investment Strategies and Export Performance: A Firm-Level InvestigationPreprint
Antonietti, R., & Marzucchi, A. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2331970 · Cited by 12
“These studies show that 5 international firms are more innovative (Costantini and Melitz, 2008; Atkeson and Burnstein, 2010; Bustos, 2011; Burnstein and Melitz, 2013), have superior organizational and managerial practices (Bloom and van Reenen, 2007), and benefit from better market access…”
Trade Liberalization and Growth: Plant-Level Evidence from SwitzerlandPreprint
Buehler, S. A., Helm, M., & Lechner, M. (2011) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 12
Firm R&D Investment and Export Market Exposure
Peters, B., Roberts, M., & Vuong, V. A. (2018) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w25228 · Cited by 12
Foreign Trade and Investment: Firm-Level Perspectives
Helpman, E. (2013) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w19057 · Cited by 12
Machines and Machinists: Importing Skill-Biased TechnologyPreprint
Koren, M., & Csillag, M. (2017) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 12
Unbundling Technology Adoption and TFP at the Firm Level - Do Intangibles Matter?Preprint
Battisti, M., Belloc, F., & Gatto, M. D. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2202046 · Cited by 12
“This circumstance is well documented by Bustos (2011), who relates Argentinean firms’ technology upgrading to the reduction in Brazilian tariffs on entry in the export market.”
Export Destinations and Input Prices
Bastos, P., Silva, J., & Verhoogen, E. (2014) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w20143 · Cited by 12
International Trade and Innovation
Akcigit, U., & Melitz, M. J. A. D. T. (2021) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w29611 · Cited by 12
“Our model also features the theoretical predictions and empirical confirmations made by Bustos (2011) and Lileeva and Trefler (2010) that trade liberalization induces the largest innovation response by new exporters.”
BackgroundMethodDing, Y., & Moreira, F. (2025) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-025-05277-3 · Cited by 20
“Initial productivity is usually allowed to be understood as a path dependence and cumulative dominance effect in productivity, which could alleviate reverse causality concerns to a greater extent (Bustos, 2011; Lawson et al., 2021).”
Digitalisation and global value chain participation: evidence from Spanish manufacturing firms
Higón, D. A., Máñez, J. A., Sanchis-Llopis, A., & Sanchis‐Llopis, J. A. (2025) · Industry and Innovation · doi:10.1080/13662716.2025.2484746 · Cited by 11
“Sunk costs are associated with both exporting (Máñez, Rochina-Barrachina, and Sanchis-Llopis 2015; Sanchis, Máñez, and Gómez-Sánchez 2022) and importing intermediate inputs (Bustos 2011).”
Competitive Pressure and Technology Adoption: Evidence from a Policy Reform in Western Canada
Ferguson, S., & Olfert, M. R. (2015) · American Journal of Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1093/ajae/aav018 · Cited by 14
Innovation and Corporate Cash Holdings in the Era of Globalization
Adler, K., Ahn, J., & Dao, M. C. (2019) · IMF Working Paper · doi:10.5089/9781484392164.001 · Cited by 11
“On the empirical trade front, our paper is related to Bustos (2011) and Lileeva and Trefler (2010) who study the impact of trade liberalizations on productivity and innovation at the plant level and find that export opportunities matter for innovation.”
BackgroundResultExport specialization, trade liberalization and economic growth: a synthetic control analysis
Ponnusamy, S. (2021) · Empirical Economics · doi:10.1007/s00181-021-02149-6 · Cited by 14
“…trade reforms are found to have led to an expansion in a manufacturing firms’ product scope (Goldberg et al. 2010), larger investment in technology (Bustos 2011), reallocation of output from low to high productive manufacturing plants (Fernandes 2007), the exit of less productive firms (Pavcnik…”
BackgroundThe Twin Peaks of the Export Intensity Distribution
Fabrice Defever, A., & Riaño, A. (2022) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1093/jeea/jvac006 · Cited by 12
Buus, M. T., Munch, J. R., Rodrigue, J., et al. (2022) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_01274 · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- Bustos, P.
- Affiliations
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Bustos, Paula
- ORCID
- Bustos, Paula
- Venue
- American Economic Review
- Publisher
- American Economic Association
- Published
- 2011-02-01
- Volume
- 101
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 304-340
- ISSN
- 0002-8282 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2124933622
- Cited by
- 1,552
- References
- 121
- Citations by year
- 2026: 85 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 117 · 2023: 115 · 2022: 119 · 2021: 109 · 2020: 94 · 2019: 91 · 2018: 98 · 2017: 88 · 2016: 88 · 2015: 96 · 2014: 95 · 2013: 86 · 2012: 85
- FWCI
- 263.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Economic Review (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Repositori digital de la UPF (Universitat Pompeu Fabra) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › General Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Global trade and economics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Economic and Technological Innovation
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Economic Growth and Productivity
- Keywords
- Mercosur, trade liberalization, technological upgrading, regional free trade agreements, exports, heterogeneous firms, tariff reduction, firm size, technology investment, Argentine firms, Brazil
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