The Impact of Crime and Insecurity on Trust in Democracy and Institutions
Abstract
This paper examines the impact of crime and insecurity on support for and satisfaction with democracy and trust in institutions. We use survey data from the Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP) for Colombia during the 2004-2010 period. We find that perceptions of insecurity, crime victimization, being asked for a bribe and being affected by the armed conflict have a negative significant effect on satisfaction with democracy and trust in public institutions. Our findings show an important indirect channel through which crime can hinder development because distrust in institutions is associated with lower levels of social capital.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The effect of conflict on subsequent institutional and political reforms toward more democracy and liberalization is weak and seemingly quite short-lived.
“At the same time, the effect of conflict on subsequent institutional and political reforms toward more democracy and liberalization is weak and seemingly quite shortlived (150-153).”
From Vicious Circles: Violence, Vulnerability, and Climate Change (2021) · cites this paper as [150]
Cites
Does Social Capital Have an Economic Payoff? A Cross-Country Investigation
Knack, S., & Keefer, P. (1997) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/003355300555475 · Cited by 7,484 · see citing works
Institutional causes, macroeconomic symptoms: volatility, crises and growth
Acemoğlu, D., Johnson, S., Robinson, J. A., & Thaicharoen, Y. (2003) · Journal of Monetary Economics · doi:10.1016/s0304-3932(02)00208-8 · Cited by 1,503 · see citing works
Corruption and Confidence in Public Institutions: Evidence from a Global Survey
Clausen, B., Kraay, A., & Nyiri, Z. (2011) · The World Bank Economic Review · doi:10.1093/wber/lhr018 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Does Crime Lower Growth?: Evidence from Colombia
Cárdenas, M., & Rozo, S. (2008) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/28005 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The Impact of Insecurity on Democracy and Trust in Institutions in Mexico
Blanco, L. R. (2012) · RAND Corporation eBooks · doi:10.7249/wr940 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationDemocracy and Violence: The Colombian Paradox
Tuft, E. I. (1997) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mikucka, M., Sarracino, F., & Dubrow, J. K. (2017) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.01.002 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Vicious Circles: Violence, Vulnerability, and Climate Change
Buhaug, H., & von Uexkull, N. (2021) · Annual Review of Environment and Resources · doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-014708 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
“At the same time, the effect of conflict on subsequent institutional and political reforms toward more democracy and liberalization is weak and seemingly quite short-lived (150–153).”
BackgroundTransparency and Trust in Government. Evidence from a Survey Experiment
Alessandro, M., Cardinale Lagomarsino, B., Scartascini, C., Streb, J., & Torrealday, J. (2021) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105223 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Crime and Erosion of Trust: Evidence for Latin America
Corbacho, A., Philipp, J., & Ruiz‐Vega, M. (2014) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.04.013 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Understanding Relationship Marketing and Loyalty Program Effectiveness in Global Markets
Beck, J., Chapman, K., & Palmatier, R. (2015) · Journal of International Marketing · doi:10.1509/jim.15.0010 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Resilient agility in volatile economies: institutional and organizational antecedents
Gölgeci̇, İ., Arslan, A., Dikova, D., & Gligor, D. M. (2019) · Journal of Organizational Change Management · doi:10.1108/jocm-02-2019-0033 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Measuring Trust in European Public Institutions
Marozzi, M. (2014) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-014-0765-9 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
The impact of crime on trust in institutions in Mexico
Blanco, L. R. (2013) · European Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2013.06.004 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationIs poverty the mother of crime? Evidence from homicide rates in China
Dong, B., Egger, P. H., & Guo, Y. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0233034 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Porras-Paez, A., & Schmutzler, J. (2019) · Local Economy The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit · doi:10.1177/0269094219896269 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Clemens, M. A. (2021) · Journal of Urban Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jue.2021.103355 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Local area crime and energy poverty
Churchill, S. A., & Smyth, R. (2022) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2022.106274 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Palmisano, F., & Sacchi, A. (2023) · Journal of Macroeconomics · doi:10.1016/j.jmacro.2023.103582 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Zhou, K., Tan, J., & Watanabe, K. (2021) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22545 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Terrorism risk and democratic preferences in Pakistan
Rehman, F. U., & Vanin, P. (2016) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2016.09.003 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Mingo, I., & Faggiano, M. P. (2020) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-020-02400-0 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The demand for military spending in Latin American countries
Kollias, C., Paleologou, S., Tzeremes, P., & Tzeremes, N. (2018) · Latin American Economic Review · doi:10.1186/s40503-018-0059-8 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Valente, R., & Vacchiano, M. (2020) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-020-02545-y · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Online hate speech victimization: consequences for victims’ feelings of insecurity
Dreißigacker, A., Müller, P., Isenhardt, A., & Schemmel, J. (2024) · Crime Science · doi:10.1186/s40163-024-00204-y · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Did Egypt’s post-uprising crime wave increase support for authoritarian rule?
Abadeer, C., Blackman, A. D., Blaydes, L., & Williamson, S. (2022) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/00223433211052374 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Financial shocks and the erosion of interpersonal trust: Evidence from longitudinal data
Jetter, M., & Kristoffersen, I. (2018) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2018.07.001 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
(Sex) Crime and Punishment in the #MeToo Era: How the Public Views Rape
Schwarz, S., Baum, M., & Cohen, D. K. (2020) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-020-09610-9 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Public Services, Geography, and Citizen Perceptions of Government in Latin America
Bland, G. A., Brinkerhoff, D., Romero, D., Wetterberg, A., & Wibbels, E. (2021) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-021-09691-0 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Institutional Quality, Economic Misery and Crime Rate in Nigeria
Ajide, F. M. (2019) · Economics and Business · doi:10.2478/eb-2019-0012 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Freitag, M., Kijewski, S., & Oppold, M. (2017) · Conflict Management and Peace Science · doi:10.1177/0738894217716464 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Change point estimation in panel data with time‐varying individual effects
Boldea, O., Drepper, B., & Gan, Z. (2020) · Journal of Applied Econometrics · doi:10.1002/jae.2769 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The Impact of Internet Use on Citizens’ Trust in Government: The Mediating Role of Sense of Security
Wang, Z., Liu, H., Li, T., Zhou, L. M., & Zhou, M. (2023) · Systems · doi:10.3390/systems11010047 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Nasir, M., Rockmore, M., & Tan, C. M. (2017) · The Journal of Development Studies · doi:10.1080/00220388.2017.1400016 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The social costs of crime: the erosion of trust between citizens and public institutions
Chaparro, A. C., Amaya, E., & Cueto, J. (2021) · Economics of Governance · doi:10.1007/s10101-021-00251-0 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Zizumbo-Colunga, D. (2019) · Latin American Research Review · doi:10.25222/larr.324 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Churchill, S. A., Smyth, R., Trinh, T., & Yew, S. L. (2022) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2022.06.019 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Measuring Institutional Trust: Evidence from Guyana
Thomas, T. D., Abts, K., Stroeken, K., & Weyden, P. V. (2015) · Journal of Politics in Latin America · doi:10.1177/1866802x1500700303 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Hernández, W. (2019) · Latin American Research Review · doi:10.25222/larr.23 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Do victims of crime trust less but participate more in social organizations?
Pazzona, M. (2019) · Economics of Governance · doi:10.1007/s10101-019-00227-1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The significance of victim ideality in interactions between crime victims and police officers
Inzunza, M. (2021) · International journal of law, crime and justice · doi:10.1016/j.ijlcj.2021.100522 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The U.S. Crime Puzzle: A Comparative Perspective on U.S. Crime and Punishment
Spamann, H. (2015) · American Law and Economics Review · doi:10.1093/aler/ahv015 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Crime and trust in institutions: evidence from India
Mukherjee, T. (2022) · Applied Economics Letters · doi:10.1080/13504851.2022.2129564 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Are Cities Decisive for Life Satisfaction? A Structural Equation Model for the European Population
Martínez, C. N., Pérez‐Cárceles, M. C., Perea, P. J. R., & Verde-Martín, C. M. (2024) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-024-03423-7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Congleton, R. D. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197642788.001.0001 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Police, non-state actors, and political legitimacy in Central America
Cruz, J. M. (2022) · Policing & Society · doi:10.1080/10439463.2022.2037559 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Elaborating on the Abstract: Group Meaning-Making in a Colombian Microsavings Program
Doering, L. B., & McNeill, K. (2020) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122420920647 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
All is not lost: Organized crime and social capital formation
Buonanno, P., Ferrari, I., & Saia, A. (2024) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2024.105257 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Candan, G., & Toklu, M. C. (2022) · Environment Development and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s10668-022-02779-5 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The effect of consumption of corruption-related news on political cynicism
Corral-Cumbreras, M., & Powell, T. E. (2019) · Communication & Society · doi:10.15581/003.32.34240 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Nasir, M., Rockmore, M., & Tan, C. M. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2690100 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Impact of Crime and Insecurity on Citizen Trust in Public Institutions: Evidence from Bangladesh
Uddin, N. (2024) · International Journal of Public Administration · doi:10.1080/01900692.2024.2341149 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Reyes, T. H., Majluf, N. S., & Ibáñez, R. (2017) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/ssqu.12449 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Terrorism Risk and Democratic Preferences in PakistanPreprint
Rehman, F. U., & Vanin, P. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2681110 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Criminal Violence, the State, and Society
García‐Ponce, O. (2025) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-033123-014751 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Corruption and Happiness: Fortune or Evil?
Aslam, A., Mushtaq, U., Ghouse, G., & Raoof, R. (2024) · Journal of the Knowledge Economy · doi:10.1007/s13132-024-02077-7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
What drives public trust in the military in non-democracies: Evidence from Libya (2014-2019)
Abouzzohour, Y., & Yousef, T. M. (2023) · The Journal of North African Studies · doi:10.1080/13629387.2023.2203469 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Corruption, Institutional Trust, and Legitimacy: A Vicious CirclePreprint
Boly, A., & Gillanders, R. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4139763 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Boateng, F. D., Dzordzormenyoh, M. K., & Cavalcante, D. (2022) · Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1177/26338076221122939 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Narváez, D. A., & Sarmiento, J. E. M. (2022) · Política criminal · doi:10.4067/s0718-33992022000200474 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Which dimensions of religiosity matter for trust? New insights from the MENA region
Badaoui, E. E. (2023) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106215 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
de Kadt, D., Johnson-Kanu, A., & Sands, M. L. (2020) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055423000448 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Hansen, S. D., Mouritsen, M. L., Davis, J. H., & Noack, D. (2019) · Business and Society Review · doi:10.1111/basr.12190 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Marketing Competence and Institutional Trust in Business
Janani, S., Wiles, M. A., & Mishra, S. (2022) · Journal of International Marketing · doi:10.1177/1069031x221109598 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Organized crime, violence and support for the state
Campedelli, G. M., Daniele, G., Martinangeli, A., & Pinotti, P. (2023) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2023.105029 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Crime, Institutions and Sector-Specific FDI in Latin AmericaPreprint
Blanco, L. R., Ruiz, I., Sawyer, W. C., & Wooster, R. B. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2607682 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationPublic Sector Corruption and Trust in the Private Sector
Gillanders, R., & Neselevska, O. (2017) · Journal of International Development · doi:10.1002/jid.3306 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Participatory Rebel Governance and Durability of Peace
Park, H. J. (2024) · International Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1093/isq/sqae061 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
POLICE AND HISBAH: THE STATUS OF URBAN KANO SECURITY MANAGEMENT
Siro, A. A., & Sundramoorthy, P. (2018) · e-Bangi · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The US Crime Puzzle: A Comparative Perspective on US Crime & PunishmentPreprint
Spamann, H. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2463720 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
In Military We Trust: The Effect of Managers' Military Background on Mutual Fund FlowsPreprint
Cochardt, A., Heller, S., & Orlov, V. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3303755 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Passing the buck! —how credible are self-reported measures of confidence in public institutions?
Chatterjee, S. (2022) · Oxford Economic Papers · doi:10.1093/oep/gpac044 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Golan‐Nadir, N. (2023) · European Policy Analysis · doi:10.1002/epa2.1191 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Militarism, Authoritarianism and Corruption: Post-Coup Honduras and the Decline of Democracy
Pérez, O. J., & Wade, C. J. (2023) · Revista Latinoamericana de Opinión Pública · doi:10.14201/rlop.31391 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Una contribución al estudio de la polarización sociopolítica en Brasil
Valente, R., Cardoso, G. R., Borba, J., & Monteiro, F. M. (2020) · Revista de Estudios Sociales · doi:10.7440/resaop.2020.01 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Malásquez, E. A., & Salgado, E. (2021) · Economic Development and Cultural Change · doi:10.1086/717341 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Crime, Violence, and Political Participation
Boulding, C. E., Mullenax, S., & Schauer, K. (2021) · International Journal of Public Opinion Research · doi:10.1093/ijpor/edab032 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Do crime victims lose trust in others? Evidence from Germany
Friehe, T., & Linh, V. M. (2023) · Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics · doi:10.1016/j.socec.2023.102027 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Citizen Perceptions of Crime and Their Effect on Support for Illiberal Democratic Rule
Tusalem, R. F. (2024) · Asian Survey · doi:10.1525/as.2023.2114587 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Legacy of Violence: Building or Destroying Trust? Evidence from Colombia's La ViolenciaPreprint
Chávez, M. A. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3919801 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The legacy of Mexico's Drug War on youth political attitudes
García‐Ponce, O., & Laterzo-Tingley, I. (2023) · Working Paper Series · doi:10.35188/unu-wider/2023/404-5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Delgado-Rodríguez, R., Gantiva, C., Ordóñez-Pérez, D., & Linares, R. (2023) · Anthrozoös · doi:10.1080/08927936.2023.2280375 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“I Paid A Bribe”—Lessons and Insights From Crowdsourced Corruption Reporting in India
Kubbe, I., Palifka, B. J., & Alsbirk, L. B. (2025) · Regulation & Governance · doi:10.1111/rego.70056 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Palmisano, F. (2025) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2025.102857 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Brüeckner, M., Chong, A. E., & Gradstein, M. (2020) · Review of Development Economics · doi:10.1111/rode.12724 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Teles, J. (2023) · Brazilian Political Science Review · doi:10.1590/1981-3821202300020005 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Roché, S., & Varaine, S. (2025) · Policing & Society · doi:10.1080/10439463.2024.2407984 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Financial Reporting Fraud and Delegated InvestmentPreprint
Davidson, R. H., Pirinsky, C. A., & Zhang, H. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3763194 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Benites, A. (2021) · Argumentos · doi:10.46476/ra.v2i2.116 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Impacto de la inseguridad y la participación ciudadana sobre la satisfacción con la democracia
Mendoza, A. A. (2024) · Revista Científica General José María Córdova · doi:10.21830/19006586.1302 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cruz, E. M., Torres, C. E., & Alqahtani, M. S. (2024) · International Journal of Politics Culture and Society · doi:10.1007/s10767-024-09503-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Guardians: The Role of Social Capital in Crime Victimization in Indonesia
Fatihaturrahmah, Y., Muzayanah, I. F. U., Widyastaman, P. A., Indraswari, K. D., & Hartono, D. (2025) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-025-03606-w · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Venetoklis, T. (2025) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-025-02253-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Happy citizens trust their rulers
Zhang, Y., Howley, P., & Hetschko, C. (2025) · Journal of Population Economics · doi:10.1007/s00148-025-01120-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
What explains political trust in Latin America? Understanding the role of the urban-rural divide
Nogare, C. D., Ferrante, C., Pontarollo, N., & Segovia, J. (2026) · Global challenges & regional science. · doi:10.1016/j.gcrs.2026.100026 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Desencanto democrático y opinión ciudadana sobre el crimen en Latinoamérica
Vilchis, R. R. G. (2014) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Crime, Elites, and Democratic Support in Latin America
Liebertz, S. (2015) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The role of social capital in the victimization risk against property: evidence from Brazil*
Moreira, G. C., Kassouf, A. L., & Justus, M. (2019) · Economia e Sociedade · doi:10.1590/1982-3533.2019v28n2art11 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Política exterior colombiana: élites, opinión e identidad
Salle, U. D. L., Niño, C., Sánchez, F., & Arboleda, U. S. (2022) · Editorial EAFIT eBooks · doi:10.17230/9789587208092ch7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ethics, Customary Law, and Law Enforcement
Congleton, R. D. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197642788.003.0006 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kras, H. R. (2023) · Politics & Gender · doi:10.1017/s1743923x23000351 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
THE POLITICAL CONSEQUENCES OF STATE ACTION ON VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
Kras, H. R. (2021) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) · doi:10.13023/etd.2021.169 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
La justicia bajo la lupa: Confianza en el poder judicial y percepciones sobre su independencia
Andes, U. D. L., Becerra, C. I. G., Gutiérrez, M., & Lozano, U. J. T. (2022) · Editorial EAFIT eBooks · doi:10.17230/9789587208092ch5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Seccional, C. D. I. E. P., Subinas, J., García-Rendón, S., & (CIEPS), C. I. D. E. P. Y. S. (2022) · Editorial EAFIT eBooks · doi:10.17230/9789587208092ch6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Blanco, L., & Ruiz, I.
- Affiliations
- Pepperdine University (US)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Venue
- American Economic Review
- Publisher
- American Economic Association
- Published
- 2013-05-01
- Volume
- 103
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 284-288
- ISSN
- 0002-8282 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2066081072
- Cited by
- 165
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 16.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Economic Review (publishedVersion)
- Pepperdine Digital Commons (Pepperdine University) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Corruption and Economic Development
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Capital and Networks
- Keywords
- crime, insecurity, institutional trust, satisfaction with democracy, crime victimization, bribery, armed conflict, social capital, public opinion, Colombia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review