The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
How the West “Invented” Fertility Restriction
Open accessAbstract
We analyze the emergence of the first socioeconomic institution in history limiting fertility: west of a line from St. Petersburg to Trieste, the European Marriage Pattern (EMP) reduced childbirths by approximately one-third between the fourteenth and eighteenth century. To explain the rise of EMP we build a two-sector model of agricultural production—grain and livestock. Women have a comparative advantage in animal husbandry. After the Black Death in 1348–1350, land abundance triggered a shift toward the pastoral sector. This improved female employment prospects, leading to later marriages. Using detailed data from England, we provide strong evidence for our mechanism. (JEL J12, J13, J16, N33, N53, Q11)
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Becker, G. S. (1991) · doi:10.4159/9780674020665 · Cited by 10,565
Technical change, inequality, and the labor market
Acemoglu, D. (2002) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.40.1.7 · Cited by 1,767
Old Habits Die Hard: Travel Habit Formation and Decay During an Office Relocation
Walker, I., Thomas, G. O., & Verplanken, B. (2015) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916514549619 · Cited by 233
Cited by
British Economic Growth, 1270–1870
Broadberry, S., Campbell, B., Klein, A., Overton, M., & van Leeuwen, B. (2014) · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107707603 · Cited by 554
The Three Horsemen of Riches: Plague, War, and Urbanization in Early Modern Europe
Voigtlander, N., & Voth, H.-J. (2013) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1093/restud/rds034 · Cited by 326
Self-citationThe Economic Effects of the Protestant Reformation: Testing the Weber Hypothesis in the German Lands
Cantoni, D. (2015) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1111/jeea.12117 · Cited by 311
Demography, urbanization and development: Rural push, urban pull and … urban push?
Jedwab, R., Christiaensen, L., & Gindelsky, M. (2017) · Journal of Urban Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jue.2015.09.002 · Cited by 288
Differential Fertility, Human Capital, and Development
Vogl, T. S. (2016) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1093/restud/rdv026 · Cited by 102
Metadata
- Authors
- Voigtländer, N., & Voth, H.-J.
- Venue
- American Economic Review
- Publisher
- American Economic Association
- Published
- 2013-10-01
- Volume
- 103
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 2227-2264
- ISSN
- 0002-8282 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2106734645
- Cited by
- 237
- References
- 3
- FWCI
- 40.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: How the West “Invented” Fertility Restriction. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1257/aer.103.6.2227
- The paper
- Voigtländer, N., & Voth, H.-J. (2013). How the West “Invented” Fertility Restriction. American Economic Review. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.6.2227
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.