The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Compulsory Education and the Benefits of Schooling
Abstract
Causal estimates of the benefits of increased schooling using US state schooling laws as instruments typically rely on specifications which assume common trends across states in the factors affecting different birth cohorts. Differential changes across states during this period, such as relative school quality improvements, suggest that this assumption may fail to hold. Across a number of outcomes including wages, unemployment, and divorce, we find that statistically significant causal estimates become insignificant and, in many instances, wrong-signed when allowing year of birth effects to vary across regions. (JEL H75, I21, I28, J24, N31, N32)
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Instrumental Variables Regression with Weak Instruments
Staiger, D., & Stock, J. H. (1997) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/2171753 · Cited by 7,081
Instrumental Variables Regression with Weak Instruments
Staiger, D., & Stock, J. (1994) · doi:10.3386/t0151 · Cited by 5,302
Identification and estimation of local average treatment effects
Imbens, G. W., & Angrist, J. D. (1994) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/2951620 · Cited by 4,101
The Effect of Education on Crime: Evidence from Prison Inmates, Arrests, and Self-Reports
Lochner, L., & Moretti, E. (2004) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/000282804322970751 · Cited by 2,032
The Relationship Between Education and Adult Mortality in the United States
Lleras-Muney, A. (2002) · doi:10.3386/w8986 · Cited by 929
Estimating Marginal Returns to Education
Carneiro, P., Heckman, J. J., & Vytlacil, E. J. (2011) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.101.6.2754 · Cited by 612
Cited by
Behavioral Economics of Education
Lavecchia, A. M., Liu, H., & Oreopoulos, P. (2016) · Handbook of the Economics of Education · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63459-7.00001-4 · Cited by 89
Returns to education in developed countries
Gunderson, M., & Oreopolous, P. (2020) · The Economics of Education · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815391-8.00003-3 · Cited by 88
The Labor of Division: Returns to Compulsory High School Math Coursework
Goodman, J. (2019) · Journal of Labor Economics · doi:10.1086/703135 · Cited by 70
Are there no wage returns to compulsory schooling in Germany? A reassessment
Cygan‐Rehm, K. (2022) · Journal of Applied Econometrics · doi:10.1002/jae.2854 · Cited by 20
Metadata
- Authors
- Stephens, M., & Yang, D.-Y.
- Venue
- American Economic Review
- Publisher
- American Economic Association
- Published
- 2014-06-01
- Volume
- 104
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1777-1792
- ISSN
- 0002-8282 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2074004773
- Cited by
- 205
- References
- 6
- FWCI
- 36.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Compulsory Education and the Benefits of Schooling. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1257/aer.104.6.1777
- The paper
- Stephens, M., & Yang, D.-Y. (2014). Compulsory Education and the Benefits of Schooling. American Economic Review. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.6.1777
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.