Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 489

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 46 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Defensive Investments and the Demand for Air Quality: Evidence from the NOx Budget Program

Open access
Deschênes, Olivier, Greenstone, Michael, Shapiro, Joseph S.·2017·American Economic Review
DOI 10.1257/aer.20131002
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The demand for air quality depends on health impacts and defensive investments, but little research assesses the empirical importance of defenses. A rich quasi-experiment suggests that the Nitrogen Oxides (NO x) Budget Program (NBP), a cap-and-trade market, decreased NO x emissions, ambient ozone concentrations, pharmaceutical expenditures, and mortality rates. The annual reductions in pharmaceutical purchases, a key defensive investment, and mortality are valued at about $800 million and $1.3 billion, respectively, suggesting that defenses are over one-third of willingness-to-pay for reductions in NO x emissions. Further, estimates indicate that the NBP's benefits easily exceed its costs and that NO x reductions have substantial benefits. (JEL I12, Q51, Q53, Q58)

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1257/aer.20131002

Cites

46 of 46 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 46 references

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Yuyu Chen, 2013, Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences, 110, 12396
  2. Vernon J., 1996, American Economic Review, 86, 789
  3. 10.1002/pds.2033 · doi:10.1002/pds.2033
  4. Neidell Matthew, 2011, Journal of Human Resources, 46, 154

Cited by

See all 489

Metadata

Authors
Deschênes, O., Greenstone, M., & Shapiro, J. S.
Venue
American Economic Review
Publisher
American Economic Association
Published
2017-10-01
Volume
107
Issue
10
Pages
2958-2989
ISSN
0002-8282 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1257/aer.20131002
OpenAlex
W3123897441
Cited by
489
References
46
FWCI
46.88
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
bronze

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Defensive Investments and the Demand for Air Quality: Evidence from the NOx Budget Program. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1257/aer.20131002
The paper
Deschênes, O., Greenstone, M., & Shapiro, J. S. (2017). Defensive Investments and the Demand for Air Quality: Evidence from the NOx Budget Program. American Economic Review. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20131002

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.