The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 20 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Telecommunications Infrastructure and Economic Development: A Simultaneous Approach
Abstract
In this paper we investigate how telecommunications infrastructure affects economic growth. We use evidence from 21 OECD countries over a 20-year period to examine the impacts that telecommunications developments may have had. We jointly estimate a micromodel for telecommunication investment with a macro production function. We find evidence of a significant positive causal link, especially when a critical mass of telecommunications infrastructure is present. Interestingly, the critical mass appears to be at a level of telecommunications infrastructure that is near universal service. (JEL O57, O47, L69)
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This approach overcomes the potential problem in fixed-effects models with (misspecified) temporal lag structures arising from the assumption that the independent variables are serially uncorrelated.”
From Authoritarian collaboration and repression in the digital age: balancing foreign direct investment and control in internet infrastructure (2026) · cites this paper as [88]
Citations
Cites
A contribution to the theory of economic growth
Solow, R. M. (1956) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/1884513 · Cited by 24,483
Increasing returns and long-run growth
Romer, P. M. (1986) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/261420 · Cited by 20,149
A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth
Mankiw, N. G., Römer, D., & Weil, D. N. (1992) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/2118477 · Cited by 15,282
Journal of Economic Literature
Durlauf, S. N. (2019) · AEA Papers and Proceedings · doi:10.1257/pandp.109.633 · Cited by 7,666
Is public expenditure productive?
Aschauer, D. A. (1989) · Journal of Monetary Economics · doi:10.1016/0304-3932(89)90047-0 · Cited by 5,474
Barro, R. J. (1992) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/261816 · Cited by 4,200
The Penn World Table (Mark 5): An Expanded Set of International Comparisons, 1950-1988
Summers, R., & Heston, A. (1991) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/2937941 · Cited by 3,429
Equipment Investment and Economic Growth
Long, J. B. D., & Summers, L. H. (1990) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/2937944 · Cited by 1,715
Endogenous Innovation in the Theory of Growth
Grossman, G. M., & Helpman, E. (1994) · The Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.8.1.23 · Cited by 1,574
Infrastructure Investment: A Review Essay
Grämlich, E. M. (1997) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781035303557.00019 · Cited by 1,459
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Caragliu, A., Del Bo, C., & Nijkamp, P. (2011) · Journal of Urban Technology · doi:10.1080/10630732.2011.601117 · Cited by 3,409
Melville, N. P., Kraemer, & Gurbaxani, V. (2004) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/25148636 · Cited by 3,561
(2017) · The SHAFR Guide Online · doi:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim010030027 · Cited by 3,299
Mobile Phones and Economic Development in Africa
Aker, J. C., & Mbiti, I. M. (2010) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.24.3.207 · Cited by 2,216
Silva, B. N., Khan, M., & Han, K. (2018) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2018.01.053 · Cited by 1,784
Broadband Infrastructure and Economic Growth
Czernich, N., Falck, O., Kretschmer, T., & Woessmann, L. (2011) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2011.02420.x · Cited by 1,403
Digitalization and energy: How does internet development affect China's energy consumption?
Ren, S., Hao, Y., Xu, L., Wu, H., & Ba, N. (2021) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105220 · Cited by 935
Luo, S., Yimamu, N., Li, Y., Wu, H., Irfan, M. F., & Hao, Y. (2022) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.3223 · Cited by 876
ICT and productivity: conclusions from the empirical literature
Cardona, M., Kretschmer, T., & Strobel, T. (2013) · Information Economics and Policy · doi:10.1016/j.infoecopol.2012.12.002 · Cited by 781
Information from Markets Near and Far: Mobile Phones and Agricultural Markets in Niger
Aker, J. C. (2010) · American Economic Journal Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.2.3.46 · Cited by 757
ICT and economic growth – Comparing developing, emerging and developed countries
Niebel, T. (2017) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.11.024 · Cited by 740
Digitalization and economic growth: A comparative analysis of Sub-Saharan Africa and OECD economies
Myovella, G. A., Karaçuka, M., & Haucap, J. (2019) · Telecommunications Policy · doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2019.101856 · Cited by 772
The economic impact of broadband on growth: A simultaneous approach
Koutroumpis, P. (2009) · Telecommunications Policy · doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2009.07.004 · Cited by 661
The Effects of Infrastructure Development on Growth and Income Distribution
Calderón, C. A., & Servén, L. (2004) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-3400 · Cited by 1,057
Holmes, R. M., Miller, T. L., Hitt, M. A., & Salmador, M. P. (2011) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206310393503 · Cited by 560
Vu, K. M. (2011) · Telecommunications Policy · doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2011.02.008 · Cited by 522
Tang, C., Xu, Y., Hao, Y., Wu, H., & Xue, Y. (2021) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105576 · Cited by 519
Battles for technological dominance: an integrative framework
Suárez, F. F. (2003) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2003.07.001 · Cited by 499
Infrastructure And Economic Development In Sub-Saharan Africa
Calderón, C. A., & Servén, L. (2008) · Journal of African Economies · doi:10.1093/jae/ejp022 · Cited by 490
How Do Electricity Shortages Affect Industry? Evidence from India
Allcott, H., Collard‐Wexler, A., & O'Connell, S. D. (2016) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20140389 · Cited by 472
Information Sharing and Financial Sector Development in Africa
Tchamyou, V. S., & Asongu, S. (2017) · Journal of African Business · doi:10.1080/15228916.2016.1216233 · Cited by 508
ICT diffusion, financial development, and economic growth: An international cross-country analysis
Cheng, C.-Y., Chien, M.-S., & Lee, C.-C. (2021) · Economic Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2020.02.008 · Cited by 457
How does internet development affect energy-saving and emission reduction? Evidence from China
Wu, H., Xue, Y., Hao, Y., & Ren, S. (2021) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105577 · Cited by 456
Enhancing ICT for environmental sustainability in sub-Saharan Africa
Asongu, S., le Roux, S., & Biekpe, N. (2018) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2017.09.022 · Cited by 399
Impact of SMS-Based Agricultural Information on Indian Farmers
Marcel Fafchamps, A., & Minten, B. (2012) · The World Bank Economic Review · doi:10.1093/wber/lhr056 · Cited by 429
Liu, Y., Yang, Y., Li, H., & Zhong, K. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19042414 · Cited by 427
Does infrastructure investment lead to economic growth or economic fragility? Evidence from China
Ansar, A., Flyvbjerg, B., Budzier, A., & Lunn, D. (2016) · Oxford Review of Economic Policy · doi:10.1093/oxrep/grw022 · Cited by 408
Financial development, ICT diffusion and economic growth: Lessons from MENA region
Sassi, S., & Goaïed, M. (2013) · Telecommunications Policy · doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2012.12.004 · Cited by 406
Latif, Z., mengke, Y., Danish, Latif, S., Ximei, L., Pathan, Z. H., Salam, S., & Jianqiu, Z. (2017) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2017.12.006 · Cited by 408
The VAT in Developing and Transitional Countries
Bird, R. M., & Gendron, P.-P. (2007) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511619366 · Cited by 382
Bahrini, R., & Qaffas, A. A. (2019) · Economies · doi:10.3390/economies7010021 · Cited by 371
“Hardy (1980), using data on 60 countries over the period 1968–1976; Roller and Waverman (2001), using data on 21 OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries over a 20-year period (1970 –1990 ); Among the cross-country studies that have focused on developing countries, an…”
BackgroundMethodBroadband investment and regulation: A literature review
Cambini, C., & Jiang, Y. (2009) · Telecommunications Policy · doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2009.08.007 · Cited by 368
Mobile Phones and Economic Development: Evidence From the Fishing Industry in India
Abraham, R. (2007) · Information Technologies and International Development · doi:10.1162/itid.2007.4.1.5 · Cited by 366
Is infrastructure capital productive? A dynamic heterogeneous approach
Calderón, C., Moral‐Benito, E., & Servén, L. (2014) · Journal of Applied Econometrics · doi:10.1002/jae.2373 · Cited by 366
“…several of the infrastructure indicators we shall use are fairly highly correlated -- 11 but also because, as described below, we 9 For example, Röller and Waverman (2001) evaluate the growth impact of telecommunications infrastructure, and Fernald (1999) analyzes the productivity effects of…”
The role of ICT and financial development in CO2 emissions and economic growth
Raheem, I. D., Tiwari, A. K., & Balsalobre‐Lorente, D. (2019) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-019-06590-0 · Cited by 359
Telecommunications and economic growth: a panel data approach
Datta, A., & Agarwal, S. D. (2004) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/0003684042000218552 · Cited by 348
Mobile banking rollout in emerging markets: evidence from Brazil
Cruz, P., Neto, L. B. F., Gallego, P. A. M., & Laukkanen, T. (2010) · International Journal of Bank Marketing · doi:10.1108/02652321011064881 · Cited by 358
Infrastructure And Growth In Developing Countries : Recent Advances And Research Challenges
Straub, S. (2008) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-4460 · Cited by 345
Pradhan, R. P., Mallik, G., & Bagchi, T. P. (2018) · IIMB Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.iimb.2018.01.001 · Cited by 338
Environmental Degradation, ICT and Inclusive Development in Sub-Saharan Africa
Asongu, S. A., le Roux, S., & Biekpe, N. B. (2017) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2017.09.049 · Cited by 326
More bits – more bucks? Measuring the impact of broadband internet on firm performance
Bertschek, I., Cerquera, D., & Klein, G. J. (2012) · Information Economics and Policy · doi:10.1016/j.infoecopol.2012.11.002 · Cited by 324
The Institutional Environment for Telecommunications Investment
Henisz, W. J., & Zelner, B. A. (2001) · Journal of Economics & Management Strategy · doi:10.1111/j.1430-9134.2001.00123.x · Cited by 305
Growth Slowdowns and the Middle-Income Trap
Aiyar, S. S., Duval, R., Puy, D., Wu, Y., & Zhang, L. (2013) · IMF Working Paper · doi:10.5089/9781484330647.001 · Cited by 303
Neumeyer, X., Santos, S. C., & Morris, M. H. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/tem.2020.2989740 · Cited by 302
Financial Globalisation Dynamic Thresholds for Financial Development: Evidence from Africa
Asongu, S. A., & Moor, L. D. (2016) · European Journal of Development Research · doi:10.1057/ejdr.2016.10 · Cited by 291
ICT as a driver of economic growth: A survey of the literature and directions for future research
Vu, K. M., Hanafizadeh, P., & Bohlin, E. (2020) · Telecommunications Policy · doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2020.101922 · Cited by 309
Yang, X., Wu, H., Ren, S., Ran, Q., & Zhang, J. (2020) · Structural Change and Economic Dynamics · doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2020.12.001 · Cited by 287
Foreign direct investment, information technology and economic growth dynamics in Sub-Saharan Africa
Asongu, S. A., & Odhiambo, N. M. (2019) · Telecommunications Policy · doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2019.101838 · Cited by 283
Political Institutions and Policy Volatility
Henisz, W. J. (2004) · Economics and Politics · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0343.2004.00129.x · Cited by 270
“…(Dyck and Zingales, 2001), an improvement in the availability and efficiency of provision of public goods (Boix, 2001; Esfahani and Ramirez, 2003; Roller and Waverman, 2001; Tanzi and Davoddi, 1997), curtailment of corruption possibly through better monitoring and enforcement (Mauro, 1995; Tanzi…”
Transport infrastructure and regional economic growth: evidence from China
Hong, J., Chu, Z., & Wang, Q. (2011) · Transportation · doi:10.1007/s11116-011-9349-6 · Cited by 270
How does digitalization affect energy? International evidence
Xu, Q., Zhong, M., & Li, X. (2022) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2022.105879 · Cited by 280
ICT, Financial Inclusion, and Growth
Kpodar, K., & Andrianaivo, M. (2011) · IMF Working Paper · doi:10.5089/9781455227068.001 · Cited by 384
Pradhan, R. P., Arvin, M. B., Nair, M. S., Hall, J. H., & Bennett, S. E. (2021) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120758 · Cited by 264
The Power of Information: The ICT Revolution in Agricultural Development
Nakasone, E., Torero, M., & Minten, B. (2014) · Annual Review of Resource Economics · doi:10.1146/annurev-resource-100913-012714 · Cited by 298
Giday, H. G. (2018) · Telecommunications Policy · doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2018.03.010 · Cited by 263
Infrastructure and Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa
Calderón, C., & Serven, L. (2008) · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-4712 · Cited by 637
The Impact of Privatization and Competition in the Telecommunications Sector around the World
Li, W., & Xu, L. C. (2004) · The Journal of Law and Economics · doi:10.1086/422984 · Cited by 250
Mobile Phones and Economic Development in AfricaPreprint
Aker, J. C., & Mbiti, I. (2010) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1629321 · Cited by 252
DOES ICT GENERATE ECONOMIC GROWTH? A META‐REGRESSION ANALYSIS
Stanley, T. D., Doucouliagos, H., & Steel, P. (2018) · Journal of Economic Surveys · doi:10.1111/joes.12211 · Cited by 249
Hao, Y., Guo, Y., & Wu, H. (2021) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.2901 · Cited by 251
Castells, A., & Solé‐Ollé, A. (2003) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2003.07.002 · Cited by 228
Toader, E., Fîrţescu, B., Roman, A., & Anton, S. G. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10103750 · Cited by 274
Chatterjee, A. (2020) · Information Technology for Development · doi:10.1080/02681102.2020.1734770 · Cited by 258
“Roller and Waverman (2001) on the other hand worked with 21 OECD countries and 14 developing countries for a period of 20 years to conclude that telecommunication network will have its positive impact on growth only when it reaches a certain level of infrastructure building.”
Infrastructure and Development: A Critical Appraisal of the Macro-level Literature
Straub, S. (2011) · The Journal of Development Studies · doi:10.1080/00220388.2010.509785 · Cited by 229
Assessing the Impact of Infrastructure on Economic Growth and Global Competitiveness
Palei, T. (2015) · Procedia Economics and Finance · doi:10.1016/s2212-5671(15)00322-6 · Cited by 227
Mobile Phones and Economic Development in AfricaPreprint
Aker, J. C., & Mbiti, I. (2010) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1693963 · Cited by 225
Environmental Impacts of Infrastructure Development under the Belt and Road Initiative
Teo, H. C., Lechner, A. M., Walton, G. W., Chan, F. K. S., Cheshmehzangi, A., Tan‐Mullins, M., Chan, H. K., Sternberg, T., & Campos‐Arceiz, A. (2019) · Environments · doi:10.3390/environments6060072 · Cited by 245
Infrastructure development and economic growth in India
Sahoo, P., & Dash, R. K. (2009) · Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy · doi:10.1080/13547860903169340 · Cited by 223
Digital transformation and electricity consumption: Evidence from the Broadband China pilot policy
Wang, Q., Hu, A., & Tian, Z. (2022) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2022.106346 · Cited by 223
Crandall, R. W., Litan, R. E., & Lehr, W. H. (2008) · Cited by 217
Information and Communication Technology Use and Economic Growth
Farhadi, M., Ismail, R., & Fooladi, M. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048903 · Cited by 212
Mobile Phones, Financial Inclusion, and Growth
Andrianaivo, M., & Kpodar, K. (2012) · Review of Economics and Institutions · doi:10.5202/rei.v3i2.75 · Cited by 215
Privatization and the sources of performance improvement in the global telecommunications industry
Bortolotti, B., D’Souza, J., Fantini, M., & Megginson, W. L. (2002) · Telecommunications Policy · doi:10.1016/s0308-5961(02)00013-7 · Cited by 296
Urbanization, transportation infrastructure, ICT, and economic growth: A temporal causal analysis
Pradhan, R. P., Arvin, M. B., & Nair, M. S. (2021) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2021.103213 · Cited by 212
Does the internet generate economic growth, international trade, or both?
Meijers, H. (2013) · International Economics and Economic Policy · doi:10.1007/s10368-013-0251-x · Cited by 214
“This implies that the nature of the R&D process itself and the spread of the resulting knowledge has been changed by the use of new communication technologies like the internet ((Röller and Waverman 2001; Czernich et al. 2011)).”
MethodMobile telecommunications and the impact on economic development
Gruber, H., & Koutroumpis, P. (2011) · Economic Policy · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0327.2011.00266.x · Cited by 208
“In a similar setting, Roller and Waverman (2001) used a simultaneous equations model to measure the returns from fixed telephony on growth.”
Infrastructure, Growth, and Inequality: An Overview
Calderón, C., & Servén, L. (2014) · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-7034 · Cited by 209
Pradhan, R. P., Arvin, M. B., Norman, N. R., & Bele, S. K. (2014) · Telecommunications Policy · doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2014.03.001 · Cited by 208
Telecommunications and economic growth: an empirical analysis of sub-Saharan Africa
Lee, S. H., Levendis, J. D., & Gutiérrez, L. H. (2011) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036846.2010.508730 · Cited by 207
Factors affecting economic growth in Africa: are there any lessons from China?
Anyanwu, J. (2014) · African Development Review · doi:10.1111/1467-8268.12105 · Cited by 213
Pradhan, R. P., Arvin, M. B., & Norman, N. R. (2015) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2015.04.002 · Cited by 209
Lam, P.-L., & Shiu, A. (2010) · Telecommunications Policy · doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2009.12.001 · Cited by 205
Internet access and poverty reduction: Evidence from rural and urban Mexico
Mora-Rivera, J., & García‐Mora, F. (2021) · Telecommunications Policy · doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2020.102076 · Cited by 161
Adedoyin, F. F., Bekun, F. V., Driha, O. M., & Balsalobre-Lorente, D. (2020) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120297 · Cited by 199
The geography of initial coin offerings
Huang, W., Meoli, M., & Silvio Vismara, A. (2019) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-019-00135-y · Cited by 199
Public investment in developing countries: A blessing or a curse?
Cavallo, E. A., & Daude, C. (2010) · Journal of Comparative Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jce.2010.10.001 · Cited by 204
Saidi, S., Mani, V., Mefteh, H., Shahbaz, M. Q., & Akhtar, P. (2020) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2020.09.020 · Cited by 216
Does the quality of electricity matter? Evidence from rural India
Chakravorty, U. N., Pelli, M., & Marchand, B. U. (2014) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2014.04.011 · Cited by 196
Digital infrastructure and employment in services: Evidence from Sub-Saharan African countries
Ndubuisi, G. O., Otioma, C., & Tetteh, G. K. (2021) · Telecommunications Policy · doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2021.102153 · Cited by 194
The Output Cost of Latin America’s Infrastructure GapPreprint
Calderón, C., & Servén, L. (2002) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 194
An assessment of telecommunications reform in developing countries
Fink, C., Mattoo, A., & Rathindran, R. (2003) · Information Economics and Policy · doi:10.1016/s0167-6245(03)00007-6 · Cited by 193
Telecommunications development and economic growth in Africa
Chavula, H. K. (2012) · Information Technology for Development · doi:10.1080/02681102.2012.694794 · Cited by 192
Towards governing infrasystem transitions
Frantzeskaki, N., & Loorbach, D. A. (2010) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2010.05.004 · Cited by 186
Logistics and economic development: Experience from China
Lean, H. H., Huang, W., & Hong, J. (2014) · Transport Policy · doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2014.01.003 · Cited by 182
The Impact of Governance on Economic Growth in Africa
Fayissa, B., & Nsiah, C. (2013) · The Journal of Developing Areas · doi:10.1353/jda.2013.0009 · Cited by 181
Cho, Y., Lee, J., & Kim, T.-Y. (2007) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2007.03.030 · Cited by 179
Connecting the poor: the internet, mobile phones and financial inclusion in Africa
Evans, O. (2018) · Digital Policy Regulation and Governance · doi:10.1108/dprg-04-2018-0018 · Cited by 187
Savvides, A. (1995) · World Development · doi:10.1016/0305-750x(94)00130-q · Cited by 177
Internet diffusion in sub-Saharan Africa: A cross-country analysis
Oyelaran‐Oyeyinka, B., & Lal, K. (2005) · Telecommunications Policy · doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2005.05.002 · Cited by 176
The cost, coverage and rollout implications of 5G infrastructure in Britain
Oughton, E. J., & Frías, Z. (2017) · Telecommunications Policy · doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2017.07.009 · Cited by 180
Metadata
- Authors
- Röller, L.-H., & Waverman, L.
- Affiliations
- INSEAD (FR)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Venue
- American Economic Review
- Publisher
- American Economic Association
- Published
- 2001-09-01
- Volume
- 91
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 909-923
- ISSN
- 0002-8282 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3123689642
- Cited by
- 1,815
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 86 · 2025: 80 · 2024: 85 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 128 · 2021: 110 · 2020: 84 · 2019: 91 · 2018: 77 · 2017: 109 · 2016: 77 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 84 · 2013: 84 · 2012: 102
- FWCI
- 95.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Economic Review (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › ICT Impact and Policies
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Economic Growth and Development
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth
- Keywords
- telecommunications infrastructure, economic growth, critical mass, universal service, OECD countries, simultaneous equations model
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
