The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 20 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Telecommunications Infrastructure and Economic Development: A Simultaneous Approach
Abstract
In this paper we investigate how telecommunications infrastructure affects economic growth. We use evidence from 21 OECD countries over a 20-year period to examine the impacts that telecommunications developments may have had. We jointly estimate a micromodel for telecommunication investment with a macro production function. We find evidence of a significant positive causal link, especially when a critical mass of telecommunications infrastructure is present. Interestingly, the critical mass appears to be at a level of telecommunications infrastructure that is near universal service. (JEL O57, O47, L69)
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This approach overcomes the potential problem in fixed-effects models with (misspecified) temporal lag structures arising from the assumption that the independent variables are serially uncorrelated.”
From Authoritarian collaboration and repression in the digital age: balancing foreign direct investment and control in internet infrastructure (2026) · cites this paper as [88]
Citations
Cites
A contribution to the theory of economic growth
Solow, R. M. (1956) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/1884513 · Cited by 24,483
Increasing returns and long-run growth
Romer, P. M. (1986) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/261420 · Cited by 20,149
A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth
Mankiw, N. G., Römer, D., & Weil, D. N. (1992) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/2118477 · Cited by 15,282
Journal of Economic Literature
Durlauf, S. N. (2019) · AEA Papers and Proceedings · doi:10.1257/pandp.109.633 · Cited by 7,666
Is public expenditure productive?
Aschauer, D. A. (1989) · Journal of Monetary Economics · doi:10.1016/0304-3932(89)90047-0 · Cited by 5,474
Barro, R. J. (1992) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/261816 · Cited by 4,200
The Penn World Table (Mark 5): An Expanded Set of International Comparisons, 1950-1988
Summers, R., & Heston, A. (1991) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/2937941 · Cited by 3,429
Equipment Investment and Economic Growth
Long, J. B. D., & Summers, L. H. (1990) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/2937944 · Cited by 1,715
Endogenous Innovation in the Theory of Growth
Grossman, G. M., & Helpman, E. (1994) · The Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.8.1.23 · Cited by 1,574
Infrastructure Investment: A Review Essay
Grämlich, E. M. (1997) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781035303557.00019 · Cited by 1,459
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 801–900 of 1,000
Ginige, T., & Ginige, A. (2011) · International Conference on Advances in ICT for Emerging Regions · doi:10.1109/icter.2011.6075035 · Cited by 9
Laitsou, E., Kiriakidis, M., Kargas, A. D., & Varoutas, D. A. (2017) · NETNOMICS Economic Research and Electronic Networking · doi:10.1007/s11066-017-9121-y · Cited by 9
Does Internet Promote Green Growth? An Empirical Test from China
De-shan, L., & Zhao, Y. (2021) · Polish Journal of Environmental Studies · doi:10.15244/pjoes/134089 · Cited by 9
Pan, R., Xie, F., Zhu, S., Ning, C., & Liu, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2022.818134 · Cited by 9
Makun, K. K., & Jayaraman, T. (2022) · REMITTANCES REVIEW · doi:10.33182/rr.v7i1.1480 · Cited by 9
On the Road to Economic Prosperity
Luong, T. A., & Azuma, Z. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009029360 · Cited by 9
Koutroumpis, P., & Leiponen, A. E. (2016) · Telecommunications Policy · doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2016.02.005 · Cited by 9
Benchmarking and effects of reforms in the fixed telecommunications industry: A DDF approach
Bruno, C., & Manello, A. (2015) · Telecommunications Policy · doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2014.12.009 · Cited by 9
Infrastructures in transition role and response of infrastructures in societal transitions
Frantzeskaki, N., & Loorbach, D. A. (2008) · International Conference on Infrastructure Systems and Services: Building Networks for a Brighter Future · doi:10.1109/infra.2008.5439669 · Cited by 9
At what levels of financial development does information sharing matter?
Asongu, S. A., & Nwachukwu, J. C. (2017) · Financial Innovation · doi:10.1186/s40854-017-0061-1 · Cited by 9
Ghosh, S. (2018) · Information Technology for Development · doi:10.1080/02681102.2018.1540390 · Cited by 9
“Column 7 examines possible non-linearities in mobile penetration (Karacuka, CAtiK, & Haucap, 2013; Kathuria et al., 2009; Roller & Waverman, 2001).”
BackgroundRetractedShen, W. (2012) · Telecommunications Policy · doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2012.08.008 · Cited by 9
Streamlining and Privatization Prices in the Telecommunications Industry
Chong, A. E., & Galdo, V. (2006) · Economica · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0335.2006.00517.x · Cited by 9
Geographic oil concentration and economic growth – a panel data analysisPreprint
Torres, N., Afonso, Ó., & Soares, I. (2009) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 9
Political Economy of Infrastructure Investment: A Spatial ApproachPreprint
Meagher, K., & Ghosh, A. (2004) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 9
Competition vs. Regulation in Mobile TelecommunicationsPreprint
Stennek, J., & Tangerås, T. P. (2008) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1147677 · Cited by 9
Calderón, C., & Servén, L. (2014) · The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics · doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2885-1 · Cited by 9
The Macroeconomic Impacts of Digitalization in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Submarine CablesPreprint
Simione, F., & Li, Y. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4026284 · Cited by 9
Corralling a Chimera: A Critical Review of the Term Social InfrastructurePreprint
Joshi, A., & Aldrich, D. P. (2022) · doi:10.32388/wq6xsb · Cited by 9
Tohang, V., Adhariani, D., & Violita, E. S. (2025) · Business Strategy & Development · doi:10.1002/bsd2.70106 · Cited by 11
Li, J., & Zhu, R. (2022) · China & World Economy · doi:10.1111/cwe.12427 · Cited by 8
Rehman, F. U., Sohag, K., & Saeed, T. (2022) · Journal of Infrastructure Systems · doi:10.1061/(asce)is.1943-555x.0000724 · Cited by 8
The Internet as a Global Production Reorganizer: The Old Industry in the New Economy
Elíasson, G. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-35125-9_11 · Cited by 8
Do Governance Indicators Matter for Economic Growth? The Case of Sri Lanka
Vinayagathasan, T., & Ramesh, R. (2019) · Indian Journal of Public Administration · doi:10.1177/0019556119844616 · Cited by 8
Slowdown in Emerging Markets: Rough Patch or Prolonged Weakness?
Ye, L. S., Didier, T., Köse, M. A., & Ohnsorge, F. L. (2015) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/23566 · Cited by 8
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Income Inequality in ASEAN-5 Countries
Jing, A. H. Y., Ab-Rahim, R., & Ismail, F. (2019) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v9-i9/6303 · Cited by 8
Katz, R. L., & Jung, J. (2022) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math10162988 · Cited by 8
The Effects of Broadband Infrastructure on Economic Growth in Developing Countries
Jahangard, E., & Pourahmadi, Z. (2014) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · doi:10.22099/ijes.2014.2717 · Cited by 8
Policies on Access to Information Technologies: The Case of e-Mexico
Mariscal, J., Gil-García, J. R., & Aldama-Nalda, A. (2011) · Information Technologies and International Development · Cited by 8
Sridhar, K. S., & Reddy, A. V. (2011) · Asia-Pacific development journal · doi:10.18356/ff5c6884-en · Cited by 8
Economic implications of FTTH networks: A cross-sectional analysis
Guidry, B. N., Carson, P. P., & Haon, C. (2012) · Cited by 8
The Poor State of Broadband in Nigeria: An Impediment to National Development and Globalisation
Olusola, A. A., & Christianah, O. M. (2013) · Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies · doi:10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n12p51 · Cited by 8
Accessing ICT Enabled Content in Low-Income Countries
Negash, S. (2010) · International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education · doi:10.4018/jicte.2010100105 · Cited by 8
The impact of telecommunication revenue on economic growth: evidence from Ghana
Atsu, F., Agyei, C., Darbi, W. P. K., & Adjei-Mensah, S. (2014) · African Journal of Economic and Management Studies · doi:10.1108/ajems-10-2011-0076 · Cited by 8
Modelling the Growth of Mobile Telephony Services in India
Sridhar, V. (2006) · Vision The Journal of Business Perspective · doi:10.1177/097226290601000301 · Cited by 8
Los inicios de las telecomunicaciones en España: el telégrafo
Calvo, Á. C. M. (2001) · Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History · doi:10.1017/s0212610900009332 · Cited by 8
The Role Of Infrastructure In Promoting Economic Growth In Iran
Sojoodi, S., Zonuzi, F. S. M., & Aslaninia, N. M. (2012) · Iranian economic review · doi:10.22059/ier.2012.32741 · Cited by 8
An Institutional Analysis of Spectrum Management in India
Prasad, R., Sridhar, V., & Bunel, A. (2016) · Journal of Information Policy · doi:10.5325/jinfopoli.6.2016.0252 · Cited by 8
Impact of Mobile Telephone on Technical Efficiency of Wheat Growing Farmers in Ethiopia
(2016) · International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences · doi:10.20431/2454-6224.0207001 · Cited by 8
Gosavi, A. (2017) · Journal of Entrepreneurship Management and Innovation · doi:10.7341/20171327 · Cited by 8
Infrastructural Development and Economic Growth in Nigeria
Ojo, E. J., & Olamide, O. I. (2019) · Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development · doi:10.7176/jesd/10-24-07 · Cited by 8
Kadochnikova, E. I. (2020) · Актуальные проблемы экономики и права · doi:10.21202/1993-047x.14.2020.3.487-507 · Cited by 8
Les déterminants de l'adoption de la téléphonie mobile au Burkina Faso
Zahonogo, P. (2011) · Mondes en développement · doi:10.3917/med.153.0121 · Cited by 8
ICTs as appropriate technologies for African development.
Davis, K., & Ochieng, C. M. O. (2006) · Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) · Cited by 8
Policy Considerations from a Nationwide IT-in-Education Initiative: Macedonia Connects
Hosman, L. (2010) · Journal of Information Technology & Politics · doi:10.1080/19331681.2010.489407 · Cited by 8
“…at affordable sub scription rates, and the positive impact of increased IT inputs on economic growth and pro ductivity has been widely noted in the economic literature (see, e.g., Cronin, Colleran, Parker, & Dollery, 1993; Norton, 1992; Papaioannou & Dimelis, 2007; Roller & Waverman, 2001).”
BackgroundLi, Y. (2011) · Utilities Policy · doi:10.1016/j.jup.2010.12.004 · Cited by 8
Fourati, K. (2009) · Global Governance A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations · doi:10.1163/19426720-01501003 · Cited by 8
Mobile goes global: The effect of cell phones on economic growth and development
Lum, T. (2011) · Bucknell Digital Commons (Bucknell University) · Cited by 8
Alonso, J., Bjelic, J., Herrera, C., Hormazabal, S., Ordoñez, I., Romero, C., Tuesta, D. A., & Ugarte, A. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2019042 · Cited by 8
Political Institutions and the Development of TelecomunicationsPreprint
Andonova, V., & Díaz-Serrano, L. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1852244 · Cited by 8
Teleuse at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Findings from a Five Country StudyPreprint
Zainudeen, A., Sivapragasam, N. R., de Silva, H., Iqbal, T., & Ratnadiwakara, D. (2010) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1558865 · Cited by 8
Inequality in the Information SocietyPreprint
Bauer, J. M. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2813671 · Cited by 9
Exporting Christianity: Governance and Doctrine in the Globalization of US Denominations
Hanson, G., & Xiang, C. (2011) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w16964 · Cited by 8
Spillovers and Network NeutralityPreprint
Hogendorn, C. (2010) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1632491 · Cited by 10
Information infrastructure and corporate green innovation quality incentive
Liu, J., Meng, X., & Xia, Q. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30784 · Cited by 7
Lv, K., Zheng, H., & Ge, L. (2025) · Journal of Asian Economics · doi:10.1016/j.asieco.2025.101930 · Cited by 7
Too big to be efficient? The role of size in public procurement performance
Caserta, M., Ferrante, L., Ferrara, P. L., & Fontana, S. (2025) · Economic Analysis and Policy · doi:10.1016/j.eap.2025.05.036 · Cited by 7
Chinoracký, R., Stalmašeková, N., Madleňák, R., & Madleňáková, L. (2025) · Economies · doi:10.3390/economies13060152 · Cited by 11
Lin, S., Zuo, L., & Cen, T. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0324132 · Cited by 7
The impact of ICT in Malaysia: A simultaneous equations approach
Ramlan, J., & Ahmed, E. M. (2010) · World Journal of Science Technology and Sustainable Development · doi:10.1108/20425945201000005 · Cited by 7
“Roller and Waverman (2001) endogenised telecommunication investment in their macroeconomic model to determine the impact of this variable in a micro-economic environment based on the SEM.”
InfluentialSocio-economic impact of mobile phones
Borkar, D. H. (2013) · IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science · doi:10.9790/0837-0741728 · Cited by 7
Promoting Citizen’s Learning Experience in Smart Cities
Huang, R., Zhuang, R., & Yang, J. (2017) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-59360-9_2 · Cited by 7
“In the initial stage, both academic research and the practice of the smart city focused on how to utilize information technology to improve economic and political efficiency (Röller and Waverman 2001).”
BackgroundCibangu, S. K., Hepworth, M. E., & Champion, D. (2017) · Aslib Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1108/ajim-09-2016-0151 · Cited by 7
Unbundling the incumbent and deployment of high-speed internet: Evidence from France
Bourreau, M., Grzybowski, L., & Hasbi, M. (2019) · International Journal of Industrial Organization · doi:10.1016/j.ijindorg.2019.102526 · Cited by 7
A Cross-Country Analysis of ICT Diffusion, Economic Growth, and Global Competitiveness
Banerjee, A., Rappoport, P., & Alleman, J. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-40601-1_3 · Cited by 7
Corruption, Democracy, and Privately Financed Infrastructure
Bertelli, A. M., Mele, V., & Woodhouse, E. F. (2020) · Administration & Society · doi:10.1177/0095399720944548 · Cited by 7
Residual government ownership in public-private partnership projects
Mansaray, A., Coleman, S., Ataullah, A., & Sirichand, K. (2021) · Journal of Government and Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jge.2021.100018 · Cited by 7
Efficiency of scale of logistics in the production of the world’s countries (2007-2018)
Pesquera, M. Á. (2021) · Transportation research procedia · doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2021.11.021 · Cited by 7
Utilities Reform in Twenty-First Century Australia
Abbott, M. J., & Cohen, B. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198865063.001.0001 · Cited by 7
ICT, human capital and productivity in Chinese cities
Li, Q., & Wu, Y. (2022) · Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy · doi:10.1080/13547860.2022.2094643 · Cited by 7
“Roller and Waverman (2001) investigated 21 OECD countries over 20 years and noted that the significant positive relationship between ICT and productivity only holds when telecommunication services reach a threshold near an universal level.”
BackgroundWang, S., & Luo, R. (2023) · International Journal of Finance & Economics · doi:10.1002/ijfe.2809 · Cited by 7
The Impact of Information Infrastructure Construction on Carbon Emissions
Fu, L., Zhang, L., & Zhang, Z. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15097693 · Cited by 7
Assessing the economic impact of mobile telecommunications in Egypt: a structural model approach
Emara, N., & Katz, R. L. (2024) · Digital Policy Regulation and Governance · doi:10.1108/dprg-06-2023-0076 · Cited by 7
Design of investment promotion policies
Kartasheva, A. V. (2011) · International Journal of Industrial Organization · doi:10.1016/j.ijindorg.2011.04.005 · Cited by 7
Economics at the FCC, 2008–2009: Broadband and Merger Review
Connolly, M. P., & Prieger, J. E. (2009) · Review of Industrial Organization · doi:10.1007/s11151-009-9228-x · Cited by 7
Risk Management and Sustainable Development of Telecommunications Companies
Gandini, G., Bosetti, L., & Almici, A. (2014) · Symphonya Emerging Issues in Management · doi:10.4468/2014.2.03gandini.bosetti.almici · Cited by 7
Natural Resources, Wage Growth and Institutions – a Panel Approach
Torres, N., Afonso, Ó., & Soares, I. (2013) · World Economy · doi:10.1111/twec.12023 · Cited by 7
What explains the total factor productivity gap between OECD economies and the U.S.?
Ng, E. C. Y., & Ng, Y. C. (2016) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036846.2015.1133898 · Cited by 7
The Dynamics of Infrastructure and Economic Growth in Nigeria
Ehizuelen Michael, M. O. (2016) · Journal of Global Economics · doi:10.4172/2375-4389.1000169 · Cited by 7
Internet gone mobile in Namibia
Stork, C., & Calandro, E. (2014) · Practical Action Publishing eBooks · doi:10.3362/9781780448152.009 · Cited by 7
The impact of ICT on economic growth of Greece and EU-28 under economic crisis
Laitsou, E., Kargas, A. D., & Varoutas, D. A. (2017) · Internet of Things Business Models, Users, and Networks · doi:10.1109/ctte.2017.8260993 · Cited by 7
A Novel Architecture of SQU SMART LMS: The New Horizon for SMART City in Oman
Al-Kindi, I. R., & Al-Khanjari, Z. A. S. (2020) · International Conference on Smart Systems and Inventive Technology (ICSSIT) · doi:10.1109/icssit48917.2020.9214141 · Cited by 7
Transparent Estimation of Internet Penetration from Network Observations
Benitez-Baleato, S., Weidmann, N. B., Gigis, P., Dimitropoulos, X. A., Glatz, E., & Trammell, B. (2015) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-15509-8_17 · Cited by 7
Kriz, K. A., & Qureshi, S. (2009) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · Cited by 7
Unequal Development of the Digital Economy in Federal Districts of Russia
Dubinina, M. G. (2019) · Science Governance and Scientometrics · doi:10.33873/2686-6706.2019.14-3.368-399 · Cited by 7
The impact of trade liberalization in telecommunications services: The case of APEC countries
Lim, E. K., & Chen, Z. (2012) · Telecommunications Policy · doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2012.01.003 · Cited by 7
Banking structure and employment growth
Collender, R. N., & Shaffer, S. (2008) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036840801998607 · Cited by 7
Balmer, R. E. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2369049 · Cited by 7
Calling for innovations - infrastructure and sources of growthPreprint
Schiffbauer, M. (2007) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 7
Endogenous economic growth through connectivityPreprint
van Zon, A., & Mupela, E. (2010) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 7
Regional inequalities in the impact of broadband on productivity: Evidence from Brazil
Jung, J. (2014) · Munich Personal RePEc Archive (Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich) · Cited by 7
Montolio, D., & Trujillo, E. (2012) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 7
Political Economy of Infrastructure InvestmentPreprint
Ghosh, A., & Meagher, K. (2005) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.694243 · Cited by 7
Internet going mobile: Internet access and usage in eleven African countriesPreprint
Stork, C., Calandro, E., & Gillwald, A. N. (2012) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 7
The Diffusion of Mobile Phones and its Impact on Financial Inclusion and Economic Growth in Africa
Erlandsson, F., & Lundqvist, M. (2014) · Lund University Publications Student Papers (Lund University) · Cited by 7
Ndoya, H., & Asongu, S. A. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4233249 · Cited by 7
Deconstructing the Digital Economy: A New Measurement Framework for Sustainability Research
Yuan, X., Han, B., Wang, S., & Zhang, J. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17177857 · Cited by 8
Zhu, L., He, Y. X., Chen, C., & Liao, N. (2025) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2025.115771 · Cited by 7
Role of computing power infrastructure in shaping the geographic landscape AI enterprise in China
Du, F., Wang, J., & Zhang, P. (2026) · Applied Geography · doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2026.103946 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Röller, L.-H., & Waverman, L.
- Affiliations
- INSEAD (FR)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Venue
- American Economic Review
- Publisher
- American Economic Association
- Published
- 2001-09-01
- Volume
- 91
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 909-923
- ISSN
- 0002-8282 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3123689642
- Cited by
- 1,815
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 86 · 2025: 80 · 2024: 85 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 128 · 2021: 110 · 2020: 84 · 2019: 91 · 2018: 77 · 2017: 109 · 2016: 77 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 84 · 2013: 84 · 2012: 102
- FWCI
- 95.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Economic Review (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › ICT Impact and Policies
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Economic Growth and Development
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth
- Keywords
- telecommunications infrastructure, economic growth, critical mass, universal service, OECD countries, simultaneous equations model
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
