The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Toward a New Conception of the Environment-Competitiveness Relationship
Open accessAbstract
Accepting a fixed trade-off between environmental regulation and competitiveness unnecessarily raises costs and slows down environmental progress. Studies finding high environmental compliance costs have traditionally focused on static cost impacts, ignoring any offsetting productivity benefits from innovation. They typically overestimated compliance costs, neglected innovation offsets, and disregarded the affected industry's initial competitiveness. Rather than simply adding to cost, properly crafted environmental standards can trigger innovation offsets, allowing companies to improve their resource productivity. Shifting the debate from pollution control to pollution prevention was a step forward. It is now necessary to make the next step and focus on resource productivity.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“According to the seminal Porter Hypothesis, ‘properly designed environmental standards can trigger innovation that may partially or more than fully offset the costs of complying with them’ (Porter & Van der Linde, Citation1995, p. 98; also see Porter, Citation1991).”
From Why does emissions trading under the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) not affect firms' competitiveness? Empirical findings from the literature (2019) · cites this paper as Porter & Van der Linde, 1995
In the citing paper
“Still, Porter and Van der Linde (Citation1995) emphasize that green policies need to be ‘well-crafted’ and stringent enough to induce innovative investments.”
From Why does emissions trading under the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) not affect firms' competitiveness? Empirical findings from the literature (2019) · cites this paper as Porter & Van der Linde, 1995
In the citing paper
“On the other hand, they can stimulate innovation (Ambec et al., 2013; Porter, 1991; Porter and van der Linde, 1995).”
From Win Together or Lose Alone: Circular Economy and Hybrid Governance for Natural Resource Commons (2024) · cites this paper as Porter and van der Linde, 1995
Citations
Cites
The Competitive Advantage of Nations
Clark, T. W., & Porter, M. (1991) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.2307/1251962 · Cited by 17,454
Self-citationCompetitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance
Porter, M. E. (1985) · Cited by 14,725
Self-citationMoffitt, R. (2009) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.99.2.660 · Cited by 4,888
Competitive Advantage of Nations
Porter, M. E. (1990) · Competitive Intelligence Review · doi:10.1002/cir.3880010112 · Cited by 3,183
Self-citationInternational investment location decisions
Wheeler, D. R., & Mody, A. (1992) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/0022-1996(92)90050-t · Cited by 1,811
Porter, M. E. (1991) · Scientific American · doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0491-168 · Cited by 1,540
Self-citationEhrlich, P. R., & Egan, M. (2013) · Yale University Press eBooks · doi:10.12987/9780300188479-007 · Cited by 1,530
Environmental Regulation and U.S. Economic Growth
Jorgenson, D., & Wilcoxen, P. (1990) · The RAND Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/2555426 · Cited by 589
The Cost of Regulation: OSHA, EPA and the Productivity Slowdown.
Gray, W. B. (1987) · American Economic Review · Cited by 505
Social Cost of Environmental Quality Regulations: A General Equilibrium Analysis
Hazilla, M., & Kopp, R. J. (1990) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/261709 · Cited by 428
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Basta Nicholas, 1988, Chemical Engineering, 95, 37
- Berube M., J., 1992, PollutionPrevention Review, 2, 189
- Boroughs D. L., 1991, News & World Report, 110, 46
- Clay Don, 1993, Forum for Applied Reserch and Public Policy, 8, 125
- Palmer Karen L, 1993, Resources, 112, 17
- Parkinson Gerald, 1990, ChemicalEngineering, 97, 30
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 1,012
Du, M., Feng, R., & Chen, Z. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157509 · Cited by 176
Communication in corporate environmental reports
Cerin, P. (2002) · Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management · doi:10.1002/csr.6 · Cited by 175
Gao, K., & Yuan, Y. (2022) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.102035 · Cited by 175
Hollen, R. M. A., Bosch, F. A. J. V. D., & Volberda, H. (2013) · European Management Review · doi:10.1111/emre.12003 · Cited by 176
Zhou, Y., Zhu, S., & He, C. (2016) · Habitat International · doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2016.12.002 · Cited by 174
Wang, K.-L., Pang, S.-Q., Ding, L., & Miao, Z. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140280 · Cited by 174
Ren, S.-G., Sun, H., & Zhang, T. (2021) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121123 · Cited by 158
Zhou, X., & Du, J. (2021) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113685 · Cited by 174
Do pilot zones for green finance reform and innovation promote energy savings? Evidence from China
Zhang, Z., Wang, J., Feng, C. Q., & Chen, X. (2023) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2023.106763 · Cited by 174
Sustainable Fossil Fuels: The Unusual Suspect in the Quest for Clean and Enduring Energy
Jaccard, M. (2010) · Cited by 174
Creating Incentives for Environmentally Enhancing Technological Change
Norberg‐Bohm, V. (2000) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/s0040-1625(00)00076-7 · Cited by 173
Jaggi, B. L., Allini, A., Macchioni, R., & Zagaria, C. (2017) · Organization & Environment · doi:10.1177/1086026617705282 · Cited by 178
Chapter 23 Economic growth and the environment
Xepapadeas, A. (2005) · Handbook of environmental economics · doi:10.1016/s1574-0099(05)03023-8 · Cited by 174
Promoting Eco-innovations to Leverage Sustainable Development of Eco-industry and Green Growth
(2013) · European Journal of Sustainable Development · doi:10.14207/ejsd.2013.v2n1p171 · Cited by 183
Grekova, K., Calantone, R. J., Bremmers, H. J., Trienekens, J. H., & Omta, S. W. F. (2015) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.03.022 · Cited by 172
Sueyoshi, T., & Goto, M. (2011) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2011.10.018 · Cited by 172
Alexopoulos, I., Kounetas, K. E., & Tzelepis, D. (2018) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.302 · Cited by 172
Environmentally friendly practices among restaurants: drivers and barriers to change
Kasım, A., & Ismail, A. (2011) · Journal of Sustainable Tourism · doi:10.1080/09669582.2011.621540 · Cited by 171
Evaluating the impact of carbon emissions trading scheme on Chinese firms’ total factor productivity
Xiao, J., Li, G., Zhu, B., Xie, L., Hu, Y. C., & Huang, J. (2021) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127104 · Cited by 172
Stimulating ‘green’ technological innovation: An analysis of alternative policy mechanisms
Norberg‐Bohm, V. (1999) · Policy Sciences · doi:10.1023/a:1004384913598 · Cited by 171
Collaborative green innovation in emerging countries: a social capital perspective
Chen, P.-C., & Hung, S. (2014) · International Journal of Operations & Production Management · doi:10.1108/ijopm-06-2012-0222 · Cited by 176
Ozanne, L. K., Phipps, M., Weaver, T., Carrington, M., Luchs, M. G., Catlin, J. R., Gupta, S., Santos, N. J. C., Scott, K. A., & Williams, J. D. (2016) · Journal of Public Policy & Marketing · doi:10.1509/jppm.15.143 · Cited by 188
Ramanathan, R., Ramanathan, U., & Bentley, Y. N. (2017) · Omega · doi:10.1016/j.omega.2017.02.006 · Cited by 178
Urbanization-globalization-CO2 emissions nexus revisited: empirical evidence from South Africa
Salahuddin, M., Gow, J., Ali, M. I., Hossain, M. R., Al-Azami, K. S., Akbar, D., & Gedikli, A. (2019) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01974 · Cited by 173
Gu, W., Wang, J., Hua, X., & Liu, Z. (2020) · International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal · doi:10.1007/s11365-020-00684-9 · Cited by 170
Zheng, J., Khurram, M. U., & Chen, L. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14148677 · Cited by 170
Environmental Policy and Technological ChangePreprint
Stavins, R. N., Jaffe, A. B., & Newell, R. G. (2002) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.311023 · Cited by 170
Environmental and climate innovation: Limitations, policies and prices
van den Bergh, J. C. J. M. (2012) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2012.08.004 · Cited by 169
Horbach, J., & Rennings, K. (2013) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.05.034 · Cited by 169
Eco‐innovation strategies: A panel data analysis of Spanish manufacturing firms
Jové‐Llopis, E., & Segarra‐Blasco, A. (2018) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.2063 · Cited by 175
Evolving theories of eco-innovation: A systematic review
Hazarika, N., & Zhang, X. (2019) · Sustainable Production and Consumption · doi:10.1016/j.spc.2019.03.002 · Cited by 181
The Voluntary Environmentalists: Green Clubs, ISO 14001, and Voluntary Environmental Regulations
Prakash, A., & Potoski, M. (2009) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 173
Zhang, Y., Li, X., & Xing, C. (2022) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130387 · Cited by 169
Jiang, Y., Guo, Y., Bashir, M. F., & Shahbaz, M. Q. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120030 · Cited by 169
Growth theory and ‘green growth’
Smulders, S., Toman, M., & Withagen, C. (2014) · Oxford Review of Economic Policy · doi:10.1093/oxrep/gru027 · Cited by 168
Stakeholders’ environmental influence. An empirical analysis in the Spanish hotel industry
Lorente, J. J. C., Jiménez, J. D. B., & Gil, M. J. Á. (2003) · Scandinavian Journal of Management · doi:10.1016/s0956-5221(02)00034-9 · Cited by 168
Cerin, P. (2005) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.01.016 · Cited by 178
Demand-pull and environmental innovations: Estimating the effects of innovative public procurement
Ghisetti, C. (2017) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2017.07.020 · Cited by 173
Ren, S., Wei, W., Sun, H., Xu, Q., Hu, Y., & Chen, X. (2019) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119530 · Cited by 170
Zhao, A., Wang, J., Sun, Z., & Guan, H. (2022) · Economic Analysis and Policy · doi:10.1016/j.eap.2022.02.009 · Cited by 181
Do green supply chain management initiatives impact stock prices of firms?
Bose, I., & Pal, R. (2011) · Decision Support Systems · doi:10.1016/j.dss.2011.10.020 · Cited by 167
The Benefits of Forced Experimentation: Striking Evidence from the London Underground Network*
Larcom, S. T., Rauch, F., & Willems, T. (2017) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjx020 · Cited by 166
Shedding light on the determinants of eco‐innovation: A meta‐analytic study
Zubeltzu‐Jaka, E., Tolosa, A. E., & Saizarbitoria, I. H. (2018) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.2054 · Cited by 176
Climate policies and skill-biased employment dynamics: Evidence from EU countries
Marin, G., & Vona, F. (2019) · Journal of Environmental Economics and Management · doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2019.102253 · Cited by 193
How environmental innovation influences firm performance: A meta‐analytic review
Hizarci‐Payne, A. K., İpek, İ., & Gümüş, G. K. (2020) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.2678 · Cited by 191
Bhatia, M. S. (2021) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.2775 · Cited by 183
Gao, K., & Yuan, Y. (2021) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121047 · Cited by 167
Rehman, S. U., Bhatti, A., Kraus, S., & Ferreira, J. J. (2020) · Management Decision · doi:10.1108/md-06-2020-0800 · Cited by 166
Does “low-carbon city” accelerate urban innovation? Evidence from China
Zou, C., Huang, Y., Wu, S., & Hu, S. (2022) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2022.103954 · Cited by 165
Mousavi, S., Bossink, B. A. G., & van Vliet, M. (2018) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.2255 · Cited by 182
Broadstock, D. C., Collins, A., Hunt, L. C., & Vergos, K. P. (2017) · The British Accounting Review · doi:10.1016/j.bar.2017.02.002 · Cited by 173
Le développement durable face au territoire : éléments pour une recherche pluridisciplinaire
Laganier, R., Villalba, B., & Zuindeau, B. (2002) · Développement durable et territoires · doi:10.4000/developpementdurable.774 · Cited by 164
The Environment and Globalization
Frankel, J. A. (2003) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w10090 · Cited by 163
Strategic responses to food safety legislation
Loader, R. J., & Hobbs, J. E. (1999) · Food Policy · doi:10.1016/s0306-9192(99)00073-1 · Cited by 163
Ecolabel programmes: a stakeholder (consumer) perspective
D’Souza, C. (2004) · Corporate Communications An International Journal · doi:10.1108/13563280410551105 · Cited by 162
Huwei, W., Chen, S., & Lee, C. (2022) · The Energy Journal · doi:10.5547/01956574.44.2.hwen · Cited by 162
Nicolaides, A. (2006) · International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education · doi:10.1108/14676370610702217 · Cited by 161
Voluntary Environmental Investment and Responsive Regulation
Maxwell, J. W., & Decker, C. S. (2006) · Environmental and Resource Economics · doi:10.1007/s10640-005-4992-z · Cited by 161
Franceschini, S., Faria, L., & Jurowetzki, R. (2016) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.142 · Cited by 186
Resource curse, environmental regulation and transformation of coal-mining cities in China
Qian, X.-Y., Wang, D., Wang, J., & Chen, S. (2019) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.101447 · Cited by 167
Khan, O., Daddi, T., & Iraldo, F. (2020) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125565 · Cited by 185
Fu, S., Ma, Z., Ni, B. J., Peng, J., Zhang, L., & Fu, Q. (2021) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107921 · Cited by 161
Firms’ ESG reputational risk and market longevity: A firm-level analysis for the United States
Fafaliou, I., Giaka, M., Konstantios, D., & Polemis, M. (2022) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.05.010 · Cited by 172
Environmental information disclosure and firms’ green innovation: Evidence from China
Ding, J., Lü, Z., & Yu, C. (2022) · International Review of Economics & Finance · doi:10.1016/j.iref.2022.05.007 · Cited by 162
Does Environmental Certification Help the Economic Performance of Hotels?
Segarra‐Oña, M., Peiró‐Signes, Á., Verma, R., & Pastor, L. G. M. (2012) · Cornell Hospitality Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1938965512446417 · Cited by 160
Dai, J., Cantor, D. E., & Montabon, F. L. (2017) · International Journal of Production Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2017.07.023 · Cited by 160
Paradoxical tensions and corporate sustainability: A focus on circular economy business cases
Daddi, T., Ceglia, D., Bianchi, G., & de Barcellos, M. D. (2019) · Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management · doi:10.1002/csr.1719 · Cited by 160
Manderson, E., & Kneller, R. (2009) · Environmental and Resource Economics · doi:10.1007/s10640-011-9500-z · Cited by 159
Li, Y., Zhang, Y., Lee, C., & Li, J. (2021) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129258 · Cited by 163
Nexus between environment regulation, FDI, and green technology innovation in OECD countries
Behera, P., & Sethi, N. (2022) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-022-19458-7 · Cited by 160
The charm of green finance: Can green finance reduce corporate carbon emissions?
Zhao, X., Benkraiem, R., Abedin, M. Z., & Zhou, S. (2024) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2024.107574 · Cited by 161
Sustainable supply chain and company performance
Ortas, E., Abadía, J. M. M., & Echeverría, I. Á. (2014) · Supply Chain Management An International Journal · doi:10.1108/scm-12-2013-0444 · Cited by 177
Effects of eco-innovation typology on its performance: Empirical evidence from Chinese enterprises
Dong, Y., Wang, X., Jin, J., Qiao, Y., & Shi, L. (2013) · Journal of Engineering and Technology Management · doi:10.1016/j.jengtecman.2013.11.001 · Cited by 174
Rosa, P., Sassanelli, C., & Terzi, S. (2019) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.310 · Cited by 175
Zeng, H., Li, X., Zhou, Q., & Wang, L. (2022) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.3064 · Cited by 159
Total-factor water efficiency of regions in China
Hu, J., Wang, S.-C., & Yeh, F.-Y. (2006) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2007.02.001 · Cited by 159
Sustainability as a driver for corporate economic success
Schaltegger, S. (2011) · Society and Economy · doi:10.1556/socec.33.2011.1.4 · Cited by 158
Hafezi, M., & Zolfagharinia, H. (2018) · International Journal of Production Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2018.08.012 · Cited by 158
Liu, C., Ma, C., & Xie, R. (2020) · Environmental and Resource Economics · doi:10.1007/s10640-020-00406-3 · Cited by 160
Management Research and Practice
Bălan, L. S. (2014) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 157
Effects of environmental regulation on actual and expected profitability
Rassier, D. G., & Earnhart, D. H. (2015) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.02.011 · Cited by 157
Organizational Size and Pollution: The Case of the U.S. Chemical Industry
Grant, D., Jones, A. W., & Bergesen, A. J. (2002) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/3088963 · Cited by 157
Regulation, innovation, and firm selection: The porter hypothesis under monopolistic competition
Qiu, L. D., Zhou, M., & Wei, X. (2017) · Journal of Environmental Economics and Management · doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2017.08.012 · Cited by 157
Liao, Y., & Tsai, K. (2018) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.2232 · Cited by 166
Buallay, A. M. (2019) · Journal of Applied Accounting Research · doi:10.1108/jaar-12-2017-0137 · Cited by 212
Zhou, L. C., & Tang, L. (2021) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113078 · Cited by 157
When, where, and by how much do biophysical limits constrain the economic process?
Cleveland, C. J., & Rüth, M. (1997) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/s0921-8009(97)00079-7 · Cited by 157
Trade, Growth and the Environment
Copeland, B. R., & Taylor, M. S. (2003) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w9823 · Cited by 163
Where Do We Go From Here? Progressing Sustainability Implementation Efforts Across Supply Chains
Brockhaus, S., Kersten, W., & Knemeyer, A. M. (2013) · Journal of Business Logistics · doi:10.1111/jbl.12017 · Cited by 170
Social, Economic, and Ethical Concepts and Methods
Change, I. P. O. C. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107415416.009 · Cited by 162
Environmental regulations and industrial competitiveness: evidence from China
Stavropoulos, S., Wall, R. S., & Xu, Y. (2017) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036846.2017.1363858 · Cited by 157
CSR in Asia: a seven country study of CSR website reporting
Chambers, E., Chapple, W., Moon, J., & Sullivan, M. J. (2003) · Nottingham Trent University's Institutional Repository (Nottingham Trent Repository) · Cited by 155
Green Total Factor Productivity Growth and Its Determinants in China’s Industrial Economy
Chen, C., Lan, Q., Gao, M., & Sun, Y. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10041052 · Cited by 155
Global Environmental Governance: A Reform Agenda
Najam, A., Papa, M., & Taiyab, N. (2006) · Cited by 155
Chai, J., Hao, Y., Wu, H., & Yang, Y. (2021) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.2864 · Cited by 155
Fan, M., Yang, P., & Li, Q. (2022) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-022-19576-2 · Cited by 162
Zhang, X., Song, Y. H., & Zhang, M. (2023) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137444 · Cited by 164
Digital Technologies and Eco-Innovation. Evidence of the Twin Transition from Italian Firms
Montresor, S., & Vezzani, A. (2022) · Industry and Innovation · doi:10.1080/13662716.2023.2213179 · Cited by 182
Ibikunle, G., & Steffen, T. (2015) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-015-2850-7 · Cited by 153
Sustainable Export Marketing Strategy Fit and Performance
Zeriti, A., Robson, M. J., Spyropoulou, S., & Leonidou, C. N. (2014) · Journal of International Marketing · doi:10.1509/jim.14.0063 · Cited by 164
Metadata
- Authors
- Porter, M. E., & Linde, C. V. D.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Faculty of the International Management Research Institute of St. Gallen University, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
- ORCID
- Porter, Michael E
- Venue
- Journal of Economic Perspectives
- Publisher
- American Economic Association
- Published
- 1995-11-01
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 97-118
- ISSN
- 0895-3309 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2090841340
- Cited by
- 13,365
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1830 · 2025: 1638 · 2024: 1361 · 2023: 1183 · 2022: 1080 · 2021: 815 · 2020: 587 · 2019: 509 · 2018: 448 · 2017: 361 · 2016: 335 · 2015: 366 · 2014: 346 · 2013: 325 · 2012: 313
- FWCI
- 125.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Economic Perspectives (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Environmental Sustainability in Business
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Energy, Environment, Economic Growth
- Social Sciences › Public Administration › Regulation and Compliance Studies
- Keywords
- environmental regulation, competitiveness, environmental compliance costs, resource productivity, pollution prevention, environmental standards
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
