Cited by 87Digital Platforms and EconomicsConsumer Market Behavior and PricingMerger and Competition Analysis

Platform Siphoning: Ad-Avoidance and Media Content

Open access
Anderson, Simon P, Gans, Joshua S·2011·American Economic Journal: Microeconomics

Abstract

Content providers rely on advertisers to pay for content. TiVo, remote controls, and pop-up ad blockers are examples of ad-avoidance technologies that allow consumers to view content without ads, and thereby siphon off the content without paying the “price.” We examine the content provider's reaction to such technologies, demonstrating that their adoption increases advertising clutter (leading to a potential downward spiral), may reduce total welfare and content quality, and can lead to more mass-market content. We cast doubt on the profitability of using subscriptions to counter the impact of adavoidance.(JEL L82, L86, M37)

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1257/mic.3.4.1

Cites

1 of 1 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Consumers often incur effort and costs to avoid watching advertisements.

    “This result is notable given the effort and costs consumers often incur to avoid watching advertisements (e.g., Anderson and Gans 2011).”

    From On or Off Track: How (Broken) Streaks Affect Consumer Decisions (2023) · cites this paper as Anderson and Gans 2011

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 71

  1. Anderson, Simon P., and Stephen Coate. 2005. "Market Provision of Broadcasting: A Welfare Analy- sis." review of Economic studies, 72(4): 947-72.
  2. Victor A. Ginsburgh and David Throsby, 567-614. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  3. Anderson, Simon P., and D. J. Neven. 1989. "Market Efficiency with Combinable Products." European Economic review, 33(4): 707-19.
  4. Armstrong, Mark. 2006. "Competition in Two-Sided Markets." rANd Journal of Economics, 37(3): 668-91.
  5. Armstrong, Mark, and Helen Weeds. 2007. "Public Service Broadcasting in the Digital World." In The Economic regulation of Broadcasting Markets: Evolving Technology and the Challenges for policy, ed. Paul Seabright and Jürgen von Hagen, 81-149. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  6. Beebe, Jack H. 1977. "Institutional Structure and Program Choices in Television Markets." Quarterly Journal of Economics, 91(1): 15-37.
  7. Caillaud, Bernard, and Bruno Jullien. 2001. "Competing Cybermediaries." European Economic review, 45(4-6): 797-808.
  8. Chen, Yongmin, and Michael H. Riordan. 2008. "Price-Increasing Competition." rANd Journal of Economics, 39(4): 1042-58.
  9. Choi, Jay Pil. 2006. "Broadcast Competition and Advertising with Free Entry: Subscription vs. Free- to-Air." information Economics and policy, 18(2): 181-96.
  10. Crampes, Claude, Carole Haritchabalet, and Bruno Jullien. 2009. "Advertising, Competition and Entry in Media Industries." Journal of industrial Economics, 57(1): 7-31.
  11. Dorfman, Robert, and Peter O. Steiner. 1954. "Optimal Advertising and Optimal Quality." American Economic review, 44(5): 826-36.
  12. Gabszewicz, Jean J., Didier Laussel, and Nathalie Sonnac. 2004. "Programming and Advertising Com- petition in the Broadcasting Industry." Journal of Economics and Management strategy, 13(4): 657-69.
  13. Grabowski, Henry G., and John M. Vernon. 1992. "Brand Loyalty, Entry, and Price Competition in Pharmaceuticals after the 1984 Drug Act." Journal of Law and Economics, 35(2): 331-50.
  14. Johnson, Justin P., and David P. Myatt. 2006. "On the Simple Economics of Advertising, Marketing, and Product Design." American Economic review, 96(3): 756-84.
  15. Moriarty, Sandra E., and Shu-Ling Everett. 1994. "Commercial Breaks: A Viewing Behavior Study." Journalism Quarterly, 71(2): 346-55.
  16. Peitz, Martin, and Tommaso M. Valletti. 2008. "Content and Advertising in the Media: Pay-TV versus Free-to-Air." international Journal of industrial organization, 26(4): 949-65.
  17. Rochet, Jean-Charles, and Jean Tirole. 2006. "Two-Sided Markets: A Progress Report." rANd Jour- nal of Economics, 37(3): 645-67.
  18. Speck, Paul Surgi, and Michael T. Elliott. 1997. "Predictors of Advertising Avoidance in Print and Broadcast Media." Journal of Advertising, 26(3): 61-76.
  19. Tag, Joacim. 2009. "Paying to Remove Advertisements." information Economics and policy, 21(4): 245-52.
  20. Weyl, E. Glen. 2010. "A Price Theory of Multi-sided Platforms." American Economic review, 100(4): 1642-72.
  21. Wilbur, Kenneth C. 2008b. "How the Digital Video Recorder Changes Traditional Television Advertis- ing." Journal of Advertising, 37(1): 143-49.
  22. Stylianos Despotakis, Jungju Yu. 2023. Multidimensional Targeting and Consumer Response. Management Science 69:8, 4518-4540. [Crossref] · DOI
  23. Simon P. Anderson, Martin Peitz. 2023. Ad Clutter, Time Use, and Media Diversity. American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 15:2, 227-270. [Abstract] [View PDF article] [PDF with links] · DOI
  24. Aleksandr Gritckevich, Zsolt Katona, Miklos Sarvary. 2022. Ad Blocking. Management Science 68:6, 4703-4724. [Crossref] · DOI
  25. Doh-Shin Jeon, Byung-Cheol Kim, Domenico Menicucci. 2022. Second-Degree Price Discrimination by a Two-Sided Monopoly Platform. American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 14:2, 322-369. [Abstract] [View PDF article] [PDF with links] · DOI
  26. Anthony Dukes, Qihong Liu, Jie Shuai. 2022. Skippable Ads: Interactive Advertising on Digital Media Platforms. Marketing Science 41:3, 528-547. [Crossref] · DOI
  27. Vilma Todri. 2022. Frontiers: The Impact of Ad-Blockers on Online Consumer Behavior. Marketing Science 41:1, 7-18. [Crossref] · DOI
  28. Yuxin Chen, Qihong Liu. 2022. Signaling Through Advertising When an Ad Can Be Blocked. Marketing Science 41:1, 166-187. [Crossref] · DOI
  29. Döndü BAL, Rasime Ayhan YILMAZ. 2021. İLETİŞİM ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN BİR İLETİŞİM FORMU OLAN REKLAMDAN KAÇINMA DAVRANIŞLARI ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi 9:2, 566-597. [Crossref] · DOI
  30. Grzegorz Banerski, Cezary Biele, Marcin Awdziej, Sylwester Molenda. 2021. Should Advertisers Avoid Controversial TV Content? Female Viewer Loyalty and Purchase Intent in the Context of Targeted Sponsorship Vignettes. Central European Management Journal 29:2, 2-32. [Crossref] · DOI
  31. Stylianos Despotakis, R. Ravi, Kannan Srinivasan. 2021. The Beneficial Effects of Ad Blockers. Management Science 67:4, 2096-2125. [Crossref] · DOI
  32. Anna D'Annunzio, Antonio Russo. 2020. Ad Networks and Consumer Tracking. Management Science 66:11, 5040-5058. [Crossref] · DOI
  33. Andreas Hefti, Shuo Liu. 2020. Targeted information and limited attention. The RAND Journal of Economics 51:2, 402-420. [Crossref] · DOI
  34. Manmohan Aseri, Milind Dawande, Ganesh Janakiraman, Vijay S. Mookerjee. 2020. Ad- Blockers: A Blessing or a Curse?. Information Systems Research 31:2, 627-646. [Crossref] · DOI
  35. Simon P. Anderson, Martin Peitz. 2020. Media see-saws: Winners and losers in platform markets. Journal of Economic Theory 186, 104990. [Crossref] · DOI
  36. Song Lin. 2020. Two-Sided Price Discrimination by Media Platforms. Marketing Science 39:2, 317-338. [Crossref] · DOI
  37. Leonardo Madio, Martin Quinn. 2020. User-Generated Content, Strategic Moderation, and Advertising. SSRN Electronic Journal . [Crossref] · DOI
  38. Garrett A. Johnson, Scott K. Shriver, Shaoyin Du. 2020. Consumer Privacy Choice in Online Advertising: Who Opts Out and at What Cost to Industry?. Marketing Science 39:1, 33-51. [Crossref] · DOI
  39. Rodrigo Belo, Pedro Ferreira, Miguel Godinho de Matos, Filipa Reis. 2019. The Impact of Time Shifting on TV Consumption and Ad Viewership. Management Science 65:7, 3216-3234. [Crossref] · DOI
  40. Avi Goldfarb, Catherine Tucker. 2019. Digital Economics. Journal of Economic Literature 57:1, 3-43. [Abstract] [View PDF article] [PDF with links] · DOI · Paper page
  41. Ana Alina Tudoran. 2019. Why do internet consumers block ads? New evidence from consumer opinion mining and sentiment analysis. Internet Research 29:1, 144-166. [Crossref] · DOI
  42. Yuxin Chen, Qihong Liu. 2019. Signaling Through Advertising When Ad Can Be Blocked. SSRN Electronic Journal . [Crossref] · DOI
  43. Zike Cao, Kai-Lung Hui, Hong Xu. 2018. An Economic Analysis of Peer Disclosure in Online Social Communities. Information Systems Research 29:3, 546-566. [Crossref] · DOI
  44. Rajeev Kumar. 2018. Individual Incentive Based Reward Policy for an Ad Exchange to Mitigate the Threat of Ad Blocking. International Journal of Information Systems and Social Change 9:3, 23-35. [Crossref] · DOI
  45. Lei Yan, Shu-e Mei, Weijun Zhong. The Effect of Consumer Anti-Advertising Behaviors to Media Platform Competition 28-33. [Crossref] · DOI
  46. Brian McFadden. 2018. A Theory of Media Consumption and Demand. SSRN Electronic Journal . [Crossref] · DOI
  47. Aleksandr Gritckevich, Zsolt Katona, Miklos Sarvary. 2018. Ad Blocking. SSRN Electronic Journal . [Crossref] · DOI
  48. Anthony J. Dukes, Qihong Liu, Jie Shuai. 2018. Interactive Advertising: The Case of Skippable Ads. SSRN Electronic Journal 72. . [Crossref] · DOI
  49. Song Lin. 2018. Two-Sided Price Discrimination by Media Platforms. SSRN Electronic Journal . [Crossref] · DOI
  50. José I. Rojas-Méndez, Gary Davies. 2017. Time Pressure and Time Planning in Explaining Advertising Avoidance Behavior. Journal of Promotion Management 23:4, 481-503. [Crossref] · DOI
  51. Andreas Hefti, Shuo Liu. 2017. Targeted Information and Limited Attention. SSRN Electronic Journal 40. . [Crossref] · DOI
  52. David Bounie, Morrisson Vallrie, Martin Quinn. 2017. Do You See What I See? Ad Viewability and the Economics of Online Advertising. SSRN Electronic Journal . [Crossref] · DOI
  53. Abhishek Ray, Hossein Ghasemkhani, Karthik Natarajan Kannan. 2017. Ad-Blockers: Extortionists or Digital Age Robin Hoods?. SSRN Electronic Journal . [Crossref] · DOI
  54. Garrett A. Johnson, Scott Shriver, Shaoyin Du. 2017. Consumer Privacy Choice in Online Advertising: Who Opts Out and at What Cost to Industry?. SSRN Electronic Journal 42. . [Crossref] · DOI
  55. Jan Kraemer, Daniel Schnurr, Alexandre de Streel. 2017. Internet Platforms and Non- Discrimination. SSRN Electronic Journal . [Crossref] · DOI
  56. Stylianos Despotakis, R. Ravi, Kannan Srinivasan. 2017. The Beneficial Effects of Ad Blockers. SSRN Electronic Journal . [Crossref] · DOI
  57. Juan Pablo Artero, Cristina Etayo, Alfonso Sánchez-Tabernero. 2016. How advertising affects quality perception of public service television? A comparison of two surveys in Spain (2008 and 2012). Creative Industries Journal 9:2, 107-115. [Crossref] · DOI
  58. Yusuke Zennyo. 2016. Freemium on Advertising Platforms. SSRN Electronic Journal . [Crossref] · DOI
  59. Andreas M. Hefti, Shuo Liu. 2016. Targeted Information and Limited Attention. SSRN Electronic Journal 40. . [Crossref] · DOI
  60. Rodrigo Belo, Pedro Ferreira, Miguel Godinho de Matos, Filipa Reis. 2016. The Impact of Time-Shift TV on TV Viewership and on Ad Consumption: Results from Both Natural and Randomized Experiments. SSRN Electronic Journal . [Crossref] · DOI
  61. Khim-Yong Goh, Kai-Lung Hui, Ivan P. L. Png. 2015. Privacy and Marketing Externalities: Evidence from Do Not Call. Management Science 61:12, 2982-3000. [Crossref] · DOI
  62. Anna Kerkhof, Johannes Münster. 2015. Quantity restrictions on advertising, commercial media bias, and welfare. Journal of Public Economics 131, 124-141. [Crossref] · DOI
  63. Simon P. Anderson, Bruno Jullien. The Advertising-Financed Business Model in Two-Sided Media Markets 41-90. [Crossref] · DOI
  64. Kenneth C. Wilbur. Recent Developments in Mass Media 205-224. [Crossref] · DOI
  65. Justin P. Johnson. 2013. Targeted advertising and advertising avoidance. The RAND Journal of Economics 44:1, 128-144. [Crossref] · DOI
  66. Julia Rothbauer, Gernot Sieg. 2013. Public Service Broadcasting of Sport, Shows, and News to Mitigate Rational Ignorance. Journal of Media Economics 26:1, 21-40. [Crossref] · DOI
  67. Nevena Vratonjic, Mohammad Hossein Manshaei, Jens Grossklags, Jean-Pierre Hubaux. Ad- Blocking Games: Monetizing Online Content Under the Threat of Ad Avoidance 49-73. [Crossref] · DOI
  68. Joshua S. Gans. 2012. Mobile application pricing. Information Economics and Policy 24:1, 52-59. [Crossref] · DOI
  69. Khim Yong Goh, Kai-Lung Hui, Ivan P. L. Png. 2012. Privacy Externalities and 'Opt Out': Evidence from Do Not Call. SSRN Electronic Journal . [Crossref] · DOI
  70. Joshua S. Gans. 2011. Mobile Application Pricing. SSRN Electronic Journal . [Crossref] · DOI
  71. Justin P. Johnson. 2011. Targeted Advertising and Advertising Avoidance. SSRN Electronic Journal . [Crossref] · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Anderson, S. P., & Gans, J. S.
Affiliations
  • University of Virginia (US)
  • University of Toronto (CA)
Venue
American Economic Journal: Microeconomics
Published
2011-11-01
Volume
3
Issue
4
Pages
1-34
ISSN
  • 1945-7669 (ISSN-L)
  • 1945-7685
OpenAlex
W3122744194
Cited by
87
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 4
FWCI
14.79
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • American Economic Journal Microeconomics (publishedVersion)
  • TSpace (University of Toronto) (submittedVersion)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Funders
National Science Foundation (0452864)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Digital Platforms and Economics
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Consumer Market Behavior and Pricing
  • Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Merger and Competition Analysis
Keywords
ad blockers, content providers, advertising clutter, subscription models, media content quality, consumer welfare, TiVo, remote control

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review