Discrimination in Grading
Abstract
We report the results of an experiment that was designed to test for discrimination in grading in India. We recruited teachers to grade exams. We randomly assigned child “characteristics” (age, gender, and caste) to the cover sheets of the exams to ensure that there is no relationship between these observed characteristics and the exam quality. We find that teachers give exams that are assigned to be lower caste scores that are about 0.03 to 0.08 standard deviations lower than those that are assigned to be high caste. The teachers' behavior appears consistent with statistical discrimination. (JEL I21, J13, O15, O17, Z13)
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Robust evidence suggests gender, racial, and ethnic biases in how teachers grade exams in a variety of contexts.
“Indeed, robust evidence suggests gender, racial, and ethnic biases in how teachers grade exams in a variety of contexts (Burgess & Greaves, 2013; Cornwell, Mustard, & Van Parys, 2013; Hanna & Linden, 2012; Lavy, 2008).”
From Who believes in me? The effect of student–teacher demographic match on teacher expectations (2016) · cites this paper as Hanna & Linden, 2012
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- Authors
- Hanna, R. N., & Linden, L. L.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Venue
- American Economic Journal: Economic Policy
- Publisher
- American Economic Association
- Published
- 2012-11-01
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 146-168
- ISSN
- 1945-7731 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-774X
- OpenAlex
- W2072787962
- Cited by
- 161
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 21.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Economic Journal Economic Policy (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Names, Identity, and Discrimination Research
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
- Social Sciences › Education › School Choice and Performance
- Keywords
- statistical discrimination, caste discrimination, test scoring, teacher behavior, gender discrimination, age discrimination, India
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