Effect of heat and cold on tendon flexibility and force to flex the human knee
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BACKGROUND: It is commonly believed in medicine that using heat will increase the distensability and flexibility of soft tissue. If true, increased flexibility would be a positive factor to reduce injuries in sports. However, cold should have the opposite effect and is often used to treat sports injuries. This study was accomplished to quantify the effect of heat and cold on the force needed to flex the knee and laxness of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The present study examined 20 male and female subjects to determine if heat would increase extensibility of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments of the knee and reduce the force needed to flex the knee. Cold exposure was examined to see if it would have the opposite effect. There were 4 experiments in the series: The first was a room temperature series; the second was a series where cold was applied with an ice pack for 20 minutes; in the third, hydrocollator heat packs were applied for 20 minutes; and in the fourth, ThermaCare heat wraps were applied for 4 hours on the quadriceps and knee. Tendon extensibility was measured with a KT2000. The force for flexing the knee was measured by passive movement being applied (CPM) to the knee through 30° and the force required to move the leg was measured. RESULTS: The results show that the anterior and posterior cruciate ligament flexibility increased and the force needed to move the knee decreased with heat by about 25% compared to cold application. CONCLUSIONS: Heat is beneficial in increasing muscle and ligament flexibility and may help reduce athletic injuries, but cold treatment may have the opposite effect.
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Temperature, both heat and cold, affects the flexibility of tendons and ligaments, ultimately influencing joint range of motion.
“while temperature, both heat and cold, have been shown to affect the flexibility of tendons and ligaments, ultimately influencing joint ROM [43, 44].”
From The Beighton Score as a measure of generalised joint hypermobility (2021) · cites this paper as [43]
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- Authors
- Lee, H.
- Affiliations
- Loma Linda University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lee, Haneul
- ORCID
- Lee, Haneul
- Venue
- Medical Science Monitor
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 19
- Pages
- 661-667
- ISSN
- 1234-1010 (ISSN-L)
- 1643-3750
- PMC
- PMC3747018
- OpenAlex
- W2128516954
- Cited by
- 103
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 4.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Medical Science Monitor (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Pfizer
- Pfizer Pharmaceuticals
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Knee injuries and reconstruction techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Tendon Structure and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports injuries and prevention
- Keywords
- heat therapy, cryotherapy, anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, ice packs, sports injury prevention
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Biomechanical Phenomena, Body Weight, Cold Temperature, Female, Hot Temperature, Humans, Knee, Leg, Ligaments, Male, Muscles, Tendons, Tibia, Range of Motion, Articular, Anterior Cruciate Ligament, Posterior Cruciate Ligament, Young Adult
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