Emerging flexible and wearable physical sensing platforms for healthcare and biomedical applications
Open accessAbstract
There are now numerous emerging flexible and wearable sensing technologies that can perform a myriad of physical and physiological measurements. Rapid advances in developing and implementing such sensors in the last several years have demonstrated the growing significance and potential utility of this unique class of sensing platforms. Applications include wearable consumer electronics, soft robotics, medical prosthetics, electronic skin, and health monitoring. In this review, we provide a state-of-the-art overview of the emerging flexible and wearable sensing platforms for healthcare and biomedical applications. We first introduce the selection of flexible and stretchable materials and the fabrication of sensors based on these materials. We then compare the different solid-state and liquid-state physical sensing platforms and examine the mechanical deformation-based working mechanisms of these sensors. We also highlight some of the exciting applications of flexible and wearable physical sensors in emerging healthcare and biomedical applications, in particular for artificial electronic skins, physiological health monitoring and assessment, and therapeutic and drug delivery. Finally, we conclude this review by offering some insight into the challenges and opportunities facing this field.
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The mechanically compliant sensor-laden electronic skin renders the capability to detect changes in the surrounding environment.
“The mechanically compliant sensor-laden electronic skin renders the capability to detect changes in the surrounding environment.[13,204]”
From Nanomaterial-Enabled Wearable Sensors for Healthcare (2018) · cites this paper as [13]
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Flexible graphene bio-nanosensor for lactate
Labroo, P., & Cui, Y. (2012) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2012.08.024 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Ha, D., de Vries, W. N., John, S. W. M., et al. (2011) · Biomedical Microdevices · doi:10.1007/s10544-011-9598-3 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Highly Flexible Graphene Oxide Nanosuspension Liquid-Based Microfluidic Tactile Sensor
Kenry, K., Yeo, J. C., Yu, J., Shang, M., Loh, K. P., & Lim, C. T. (2016) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.201502911 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationHigh performance flexible sensor based on inorganic nanomaterials
Hu, B., Chen, W., & Zhou, J. (2012) · Sensors and Actuators B Chemical · doi:10.1016/j.snb.2012.09.036 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Zhang, J., Kruss, S., Hilmer, A. J., Shimizu, S. F. E., Schmois, Z., Cruz, F. D. L., Barone, P. W., Reuel, N. F., Heller, D. A., & Strano, M. S. (2013) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.201300033 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Widdle, R. D., Bajaj, A. K., & Davies, P. M. (2007) · International Journal of Engineering Science · doi:10.1016/j.ijengsci.2007.09.002 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Gao, Q., Meguro, H., Okamoto, S., & Kimura, M. (2012) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/la304240r · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Light-emitting electronic skin
Vosgueritchian, M., Tok, J. B. ‐., & Bao, Z. (2013) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/nphoton.2013.251 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Rubber-based strain sensor fabricated using photolithography for intelligent tires
Matsuzaki, R., Keating, T., TODOROKI, A., & Hiraoka, N. (2008) · Sensors and Actuators A Physical · doi:10.1016/j.sna.2008.08.001 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Direct Transfer of Magnetic Sensor Devices to Elastomeric Supports for Stretchable Electronics
Melzer, M., Karnaushenko, D., Lin, G., Baunack, S., Makarov, D., & Schmidt, O. G. (2015) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201403998 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
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Cloth-Based Power Shirt for Wearable Energy Harvesting and Clothes Ornamentation
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Microflotronics: A Flexible, Transparent, Pressure‐Sensitive Microfluidic Film
Li, R., Nie, B., Digiglio, P., & Pan, T. (2014) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.201401527 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Microstructured Silicone Substrate for Printable and Stretchable Metallic Films
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Intercalation and Solution Processing of Bismuth Telluride and Bismuth Selenide
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Tensile and creep behaviour of polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene naphthalate fibres
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Microfluidic tactile sensors for three-dimensional contact force measurements
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Highly sensitive reduced graphene oxide microelectrode array sensor
Ng, A. M. H., Kenry, K., Lim, C. T., et al. (2014) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2014.10.048 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, S., Liu, N., Yang, C., Liu, W., Su, J., Li, L., Yang, C. P., & Gao, Y. (2015) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/c5ra16724h · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Molecular Hemocompatibility of Graphene Oxide and Its Implication for Antithrombotic Applications
Kenry, K., Loh, K. P., & Lim, C. T. (2015) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.201500841 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationYan, L., Chang, Y., Yin, W., et al. (2013) · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · doi:10.1039/c3cp54317j · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Microfluidics for research and applications in oncology
Chaudhuri, P. K., Warkiani, M. E., Jing, T., Kenry, K., & Lim, C. T. (2015) · The Analyst · doi:10.1039/c5an00382b · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationScreen-Printed Resistive Pressure Sensors Containing Graphene Nanoplatelets and Carbon Nanotubes
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Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube–Poly(porphyrin) Hybrid for Volatile Organic Compounds Detection
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Stretchable liquid tactile sensor for robot-joints
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Determination of poisson's ratio for polyimide films
Bauer, C. L., & Farris, R. J. (1989) · Polymer Engineering and Science · doi:10.1002/pen.760291606 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Modelling the effect of temperature on crack onset strain of brittle coatings on polymer substrates
Waller, J. H., Lalande, L., Leterrier, Y., et al. (2011) · Thin Solid Films · doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2011.02.029 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Wearable textile sensor sock for gait analysis
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Lee, S., Shin, S., Lee, S.-G., et al. (2015) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.201570139 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Natural-rubber-based flexible microfluidic device
Cabrera, F. C., de Souza, J. C. P., Job, A. E., et al. (2014) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/c4ra07458k · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Lim, J. Y., & Kim, S. Y. (2004) · Polymer Journal · doi:10.1295/polymj.36.769 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Lee S, Shin S, Lee S et al. Stretchable electronics: Ag nanowire reinforced highly stretchable conductive fibers for wearable electronics. Advanced Functional Materials 2015; 25: 3105–3105.
- Lee KY, Peters MC, Mooney DJ. Controlled drug delivery from polymers by mechanical signals. Advanced Materials 2001; 13: 837–839.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bio-Integrated Wearable Systems: A Comprehensive Review
Ray, T. R., Choi, J., Bandodkar, A. J., Krishnan, S., Gutruf, P., Tian, L., Ghaffari, R., & Rogers, J. A. (2019) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00573 · Cited by 1,350 · see citing works
Wearables and the Medical Revolution
Dunn, J., Runge, R., & Snyder, M. (2018) · Personalized Medicine · doi:10.2217/pme-2018-0044 · Cited by 654 · see citing works
Nanomaterial-Enabled Wearable Sensors for Healthcare
Yao, S., Swetha, P., & Zhu, Y. (2018) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.201700889 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Flexible Wearable Sensors for Cardiovascular Health Monitoring
Chen, S., Qi, J., Fan, S., Qiao, Z., Yeo, J. C., & Lim, C. T. (2021) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202100116 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Self-citationKhoshmanesh, F., Thurgood, P., Pirogova, E., Nahavandi, S., & Baratchi, S. (2021) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2020.112946 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Imperceptible electrooculography graphene sensor system for human–robot interface
Ameri, S. K., Kim, M., Kuang, I. A., Perera, W. K., Alshiekh, M., Jeong, H., Topcu, U., Akinwande, D., & Lu, N. (2018) · npj 2D Materials and Applications · doi:10.1038/s41699-018-0064-4 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Wearable electrochemical alcohol biosensors
Campbell, A. S., Kim, J., & Wang, J. (2018) · Current Opinion in Electrochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.coelec.2018.05.014 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Guo, J., Zhou, B., Yang, C., Dai, Q., & Kong, L. (2019) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.44.005747 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
High-performance flexible metal-on-silicon thermocouple
Assumpcao, D., Kumar, S., Narasimhan, V., Lee, J., & Choo, H. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-32169-9 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kenry, Yeo, J. C., & Lim, C. T.
- Affiliations
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Corresponding author
- Lim, Chwee Teck
- Venue
- Microsystems & Nanoengineering
- Published
- 2016-09-26
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 16043-16043
- ISSN
- 2055-7434 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6444731
- OpenAlex
- W2527552787
- Cited by
- 550
- References
- 130
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 75 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 77 · 2019: 78 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 3.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Microsystems & Nanoengineering (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Nanomaterials and Printing Technologies
- Keywords
- flexible sensors, wearable sensors, physical sensing, stretchable materials, electronic skin, health monitoring, physiological measures, soft robotics, drug delivery, sensor fabrication, mechanical deformation sensing
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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