Ophthalmological features of Parkinson disease
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine the type and frequency of ophthalmologic changes occurring in patients with Parkinson disease (PD). MATERIAL/METHODS: One hundred consecutive patients (196 eyes) with idiopathic PD and a control group consisting of 100 healthy patients (196 eyes) matched for age and sex underwent a complete ophthalmological examination of both eyes, including assessment of patient medical history, dry eye questionare, and visual hallucinations questionnaire, distance and near best corrected visual acuity (DBCVA, NBCVA), color vision, distance photopic contrast sensitivity, near point of convergence, slit lamp examination of the eye anterior segment, tear film osmolarity and breakup time, aqueous tear production, and intraocular pressure, as well as fundus examination and evaluation of the perimacular retinal thickness (RT) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness. RESULTS: In the eyes of PD patients DBCVA, NBCVA, contrast sensitivity, and color discrimination were significantly reduced. We also detected increased frequency of convergence insufficiency, seborrhoic blepharitis, meibomian gland disease (MGD), dry eye syndrome, nuclear and posterior subcapsular cataract, and glaucoma (p<0.05). However, intraocular pressure (IOP) was significantly lower in the PD group compared to controls. The frequency of visual hallucinations, age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), and other ophthalmological diseases, as well as RT and RNFL thickness, did not significantly differ between investigated groups. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians need to be aware of the association between PD and ophthalmological changes. Restoration of good-quality vision has a great impact on PD patients' quality of life, reduction of costs of treatment and care, and rehabilitation.
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Abnormalities in visual function are reported in PD patients and correlated with changes in retinal tissue.
“Moreover, abnormalities in visual function have been reported (Bodis-Wollner, 1990; Nowacka et al., 2014) in PD patients and correlated with changes in retinal tissue (La Morgia et al., 2013; Yu et al., 2014) (Table 1).”
From The role of microglia in retinal neurodegeneration: Alzheimer’s disease, parkinson, and glaucoma. (2017) · cites this paper as Nowacka et al., 2014
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Hasanov, S., Biler, E. D., Acarer, A., Akkın, C., Çolakoğlu, Z., & Üretmen, Ö. (2018) · International Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/s10792-018-0934-y · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“[13] found that nuclear and posterior subcapsular lens opacities were more frequent among PD patients than control subjects.”
BackgroundEvaluation of corneal parameters in patients with Parkinson’s disease
Demirci, S., Gunes, A. S., Koyuncuoğlu, H. R., Tök, L., & Tök, Ö. (2016) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-016-2574-1 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Biomarker sources for Parkinson's disease: Time to shed tears?
Börger, M., Funke, S., Bähr, M., Grus, F. H., & Lingor, P. (2015) · Basal Ganglia · doi:10.1016/j.baga.2015.05.001 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“001 blepharitis, meibomian gland disease, DES, nuclear and posterior subcapsular cataract and glaucoma are more frequent in PD patients [81].”
BackgroundSlower saccadic reading in Parkinson’s disease
Jehangir, N., Yu, C., Song, J., Shariati, A., Binder, S. W., Beyer, J., Santini, V. E., Poston, K. L., & Liao, Y. J. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0191005 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Undetected ophthalmological disorders in Parkinson’s disease
Borm, C. D. J. M., Werkmann, M., de Graaf, D., Visser, F., Hofer, A., Peball, M., Śmiłowska, K., Putz, D., Seppi, K., Poewe, W. H., et al. (2022) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-022-11014-0 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Previous studies reported a higher incidence of open-angle glaucoma in PD patients, suggesting a shared neurodegenerative process [11, 14, 43].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEdman, M. C., Janga, S. R., Kakan, S. S., Okamoto, C. T., Freire, D., Feigenbaum, D., Lew, M., & Hamm‐Alvarez, S. F. (2020) · Biomarkers in Medicine · doi:10.2217/bmm-2019-0364 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Dry eye in Parkinson's disease: a narrative review
Ungureanu, L., Chaudhuri, К. R., Diaconu, Ș., & Falup‐Pecurariu, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1236366 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“In another study, TBUT was not significantly different between the PD group and the control group, while Schirmer test results and meibomian gland function were significantly affected (7).”
BackgroundResultBarrell, K., Bureau, B. L., Turcano, P., Phillips, G. D., Anderson, J. S., Malik, A., Shprecher, D., Zorn, M., ZAMRINI, E. Y., & Savica, R. (2018) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00999 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Patients with PD may report or further examinations may reveal the presence of blurry vision, double vision, dry eyes, difficulty with contrast recognition, diplopia, visual misperceptions (VM), and visual hallucinations (VH) among others (4, 5).”
BackgroundPotential Tear Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease—A Pilot Study
Acera, A., Gómez‐Esteban, J. C., Murueta‐Goyena, A., Galdós, M., Azkargorta, M., Elortza, F., Ruzafa, N., Ibarrondo, O., Pereiro, X., & Vecino, E. (2022) · Proteomes · doi:10.3390/proteomes10010004 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“It is known that PD patients develop hallucinations, changes in eye and eyelid movement, and altered tear composition and in reduced amounts [8,9].”
BackgroundThe Neuro-Ophthalmological Assessment in Parkinson’s Disease
Borm, C. D. J. M., Śmiłowska, K., de Vries, N. M., Bloem, B. R., & Theelen, T. (2019) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-181523 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“However, the exact frequencies are not known [9, 65, 66].”
InfluentialTreating hallucinations in Parkinson’s disease
Powell, A., Matar, E., & Lewis, S. J. G. (2020) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2021.1851198 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“through aids, increased lighting, the treatment of macular degeneration and cataract removal may reduce visual hallucinations [7,58,59].”
BackgroundDiplopia in Parkinson’s disease: visual illusion or oculomotor impairment?
Visser, F., Vlaar, A. M. M., Borm, C. D. J. M., Apostolov, V., Lee, Y. X., Notting, I. C., Weinstein, H. C., & Berendse, H. W. (2019) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-019-09430-w · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Management of Visual Dysfunction in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease
Savitt, J. M., & Aouchiche, R. (2020) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-202103 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“despite lower average intraocular pressures [4].”
Pan, H., Zhao, Y., Zhai, Z., Zheng, J., Zhou, Y., Zhai, Q., Cao, X., Tian, J., & Zhao, L. (2018) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2018.6076 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease predominantly targets the hippocampal area, which may lead to cognitive dysfunction pertaining to memory, language or attention (4,5).”
A lpha synuclein and crystallin expression in human lens in P arkinson's disease
Klettner, A., Richert, E., Kuhlenbäumer, G., Nölle, B., Bhatia, K. P., Deuschl, G., Roider, J. B., & Schneider, S. A. (2016) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.26557 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Ulusoy, E. K., & Ulusoy, D. M. (2020) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/00207454.2020.1761353 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“The autonomic dysfunction in lacrimal glands which receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation and the decreased BR impairing meibomian gland function might become a cause of abnormalities of the tear film in PD [26].”
BackgroundOCTA in neurodegenerative optic neuropathies: emerging biomarkers at the eye–brain interface
Asanad, S., Mohammed, I. S. K., Sadun, A. A., & Saeedi, O. J. (2020) · Therapeutic Advances in Ophthalmology · doi:10.1177/2515841420950508 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Effects of Deep Brain Stimulation on Eye Movements and Vestibular Function
Shaikh, A. G., Antoniades, C. A., FitzGerald, J. J., & Ghasia, F. F. (2018) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00444 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Borm, C. D. J. M., Werkmann, M., Visser, F., Peball, M., Putz, D., Seppi, K., Poewe, W. H., Notting, I. C., Vlaar, A. M. M., Theelen, T., et al. (2019) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-019-1365-8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Previous research has shown contradicting outcomes on the prevalence and suggested pathology of eye problems in PD [2, 11, 13, 70, 71].”
ResultAltered Outer Retinal Structure, Electrophysiology and Visual Perception in Parkinson’s Disease
Tran, K. K. N., Lee, P. Y., Finkelstein, D. I., McKendrick, A. M., Nguyen, B. N., Bui, B. V., & Nguyen, C. T. O. (2023) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-230293 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Treatment of Visual Disorders in Parkinson Disease
Savitt, J. M., & Mathews, M. K. (2018) · Current Treatment Options in Neurology · doi:10.1007/s11940-018-0519-0 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Berliner, J. M., Kluger, B. M., Corcos, D. M., Pelak, V. S., Gisbert, R., McRae, C., Atkinson, C. C., & Schenkman, M. L. (2018) · Physiotherapy Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/09593985.2018.1492055 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Available evidence examining visual, vestibular, and oculomotor system deficits show that these disturbances occur more frequently in people with PD compared to age-matched controls (Armstrong, 2011; Nowacka et al., 2014; Sauerbier and Chadhuri, 2013).”
BackgroundHamedani, A. G., & Willis, A. W. (2019) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.14092 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Early diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease: biomarker study
Li, J., Zhang, M., Yu, C.-Q., Xue, M., & Hu, P. (2025) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2025.1495769 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Salivary Exosomes in Health and Disease: Future Prospects in the Eye
Liu, A., Hefley, B. S., Escandon, P., Nicholas, S. E., & Karamichos, D. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24076363 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Joza, S., Camicioli, R. M., & Ba, F. (2019) · Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques · doi:10.1017/cjn.2019.287 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Kamata, Y., Hara, N., Satou, T., Niida, T., & Mukuno, K. (2021) · International Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/s10792-021-02133-0 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Patients with PD have been shown to have a high prevalence of glaucoma [2], and measurement of the retina using OCT may be important for both observations.”
BackgroundVisual illusions in Parkinson's disease: an interview survey of symptomatology
Sasaki, C., Yokoi, K., Takahashi, H., Hatakeyama, T., Obara, K., Wada, C., & Hirayama, K. (2021) · Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1111/psyg.12771 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Batum, M., Ak, A. K., Arı, S., Mayalı, H., Kurt, E., & Selçuki, D. (2022) · Documenta Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1007/s10633-022-09887-7 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“6% in healthy controls) [42], it was considered as another reason for the pRNFL thickness to be similar to the control group.”
BackgroundOcular Surface Features in Patients with Parkinson Disease on and off Treatment: A Narrative Review
Buzzi, M., Giannaccare, G., Cennamo, M., Bernabei, F., Rothschild, P.-R., Vagge, A., Scorcia, V., & Mencucci, R. (2022) · Life · doi:10.3390/life12122141 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“In fact, it takes part in light adaptation, spatial contrast sensitivity, color discrimination, oculomotor control, and the photoreceptor renewal process, as well as probably is involved in the cyclic regulation of intraocular pressure and plays an anti-apoptotic role [1].”
BackgroundPrevalence and Risk Factors for Double Vision in Parkinson Disease
Hamedani, A. G., Maguire, M. G., Marras, C., & Willis, A. W. (2021) · Movement Disorders Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/mdc3.13220 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
R eduction of GAPDH in lenses of P arkinson's disease patients: A possible new biomarker
Klettner, A., Tholey, A., Wiegandt, A., Richert, E., Nölle, B., Deuschl, G., Roider, J. B., & Schneider, S. A. (2016) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.26863 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Hence, cataract surgery would provide a unique opportunity to access lens tissue in vivo and may provide the possibility of a premortem biomarker for PD.”
BackgroundInfluentialChrysou, A., Heikka, T., van der Zee, S., Boertien, J. M., Jansonius, N. M., & van Laar, T. (2024) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-223481 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-Reported Visual Complaints in People with Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review
van der Lijn, I., de Haan, G. A., Huizinga, F., van der Feen, F. E., Rutgers, A. W. F., Stellingwerf, C., van Laar, T., & Heutink, J. (2022) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-202324 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Complaints related to painful, dry or watery eyes were more frequently reported by people with PD than by controls (5/6 studies [18, 25, 117, 144, 145]).”
Kwan, S. C. K., Atiya, A., Hussaindeen, J. R., Praveen, S., & Ambika, S. (2022) · Indian Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.4103/ijo.ijo_948_21 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“[6] A more recent study by Nowacka et al.[10] even showed a higher proportion of 24.5% of patients with PD had receded NPC (48 of 196), while only 9.7% (19 of 196) of the controls had such deficits when a cutoff point of 10 cm was applied.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialFu, C., Yang, N., Chuang, J.-Z., Nakajima, N., Iraha, S., Roy, N. S., Wu, Z., Jiang, Z., Otsu, W., Radu, R. A., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-50189-0 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Conway, J. M., Ilardi, M. C., Gonzalez, C., Dahan, N., Fallon, S., Moehringer, N., Hasanaj, L., Joseph, B., Serrano, L., Rizzo, J., et al. (2020) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2020.116680 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Ophthalmic disorders as a manifestation of Parkinson's disease
Chesnokova, N. B., Pavlenko, T. A., & Ugrumov, M. V. (2017) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro201711791124-131 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Identifying and addressing common contributors to nonadherence with ophthalmic medical therapy
Hovanesian, J. A., Singh, I. P., Bauskar, A., Vantipalli, S., Ozden, R. G., & Goldstein, M. H. (2023) · Current Opinion in Ophthalmology · doi:10.1097/icu.0000000000000953 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Althoughit isunclear if there isahigher prevalence of Parkinson’s disease among glaucoma patients [84–86], there is a higher prevalence of glaucoma among Parkinson’s disease patients compared with the general population [87,88], possibly as high as 24% [88].”
BackgroundChiew, W. A., Mathew, D., Kumar, C. M., Seet, E. C. P., Imani, F., & Khademi, S.-H. (2023) · Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine · doi:10.5812/aapm-136093 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Other diseases, such as dry eye syndrome and glaucoma, frequently occur in patients with PD and may contribute to visual disturbances (17).”
BackgroundKim, A., Pavlenko, T. A., Катаргина, Л. А., Chesnokova, N. B., & Ugrumov, M. V. (2018) · Acta Naturae · doi:10.32607/2075-8251-2018-10-2-48-5710.32607/20758251-2018-10-3-62-67 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Ropinirole Prevents Light-Induced Retinal Photoreceptor Damage in Mice
Tanaka, M., Inoue, Y., Yoshino, Y., Kuse, Y., Tanida, N., Takahashi, K., Miyamoto, Y., & Hara, H. (2021) · BPB Reports · doi:10.1248/bpbreports.4.1_1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Isom, M., Go, E. P., & Desaire, H. (2024) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00368 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
van der Lijn, I., de Haan, G. A., van der Feen, F. E., Huizinga, F., Fuermaier, A. B. M., van Laar, T., & Heutink, J. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0272559 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ocular phenotypes in a mouse model of impaired glucocerebrosidase activity
Weber, M., Min, S., Truong, T., Hung, J., Dale, S., Reichelt, M., Ubhayakar, S., Cain-Hom, C., Baca, M., Jiang, Z., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-85528-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Basic and translational neuro-ophthalmology of visually guided saccades: disorders of velocity
Puri, S., & Shaikh, A. G. (2017) · Expert Review of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1080/17469899.2017.1395695 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Alcock, L., Galna, B., Hausdorff, J. M., Lord, S., & Rochester, L. (2020) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.03.032 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Statins in Neuro-ophthalmology
Tan, A., Fraser, C. L., Khoo, P., Watson, S. L., & Ooi, K. (2020) · Neuro-Ophthalmology · doi:10.1080/01658107.2020.1755872 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Zibetti, C. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11050806 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Dry Eye Disease: An Update on Changing Perspectives on Causes, Diagnosis, and Management
Dash, N., & Choudhury, D. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.59985 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Apart from Sjogren’s syndrome, other connective tissue and immune-mediated diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and fibromyalgia can present with dry eye [28,29].”
BackgroundIncidence of cataract surgeries in relation to diagnosis of Parkinson's disease
Lampela, P., Tolppanen, A., Kaarniranta, K., Hokkinen, K., & Hartikainen, S. A. (2022) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2022.104842 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Trifirò, G., Marcianò, I., Cutroneo, P. M., Spina, E., Mirabelli, E., Trombetta, C. J., & Morgante, F. (2018) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.00608 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“On the contrary, a case-control study found no statistically significant differences in the frequency of AMD between patients with idiopathic PD and healthy subjects (Nowacka et al., 2014).”
Khallaf, M. E., Jaber, H. M., Alameri, M., Magdy, D., Kamal, H. R., Hassanin, M., Mousa, M., & Fayed, E. (2025) · Neurology Research International · doi:10.1155/nri/6846267 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…and evident even in the early stages of the disease process [3–5] and can have a negative efect on postural control and quality of life, and they increase the risk of falling among people with PD. Current evidence revealed that vestibular defects occur more frequently in individuals with PD [6, 7].”
Tear fluid as a source of biomarkers for the neurodegeneration in central nervous system
Chesnokova, N. B., Pavlenko, T. A., Валерьевна, Б. О., & Nodel, M. R. (2023) · Russian neurological Journal · doi:10.30629/2658-7947-2023-28-5-5-13 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Video-based analysis of the blink reflex in Parkinson’s disease patients
Jansen, T. S., Güney, G., Ganse, B., Monje, M. H. G., Schulz, J. B., Dafotakis, M., Antink, C. H., & Braczynski, A. K. (2024) · BioMedical Engineering OnLine · doi:10.1186/s12938-024-01236-w · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Increased blink rate has also frequently been reported in patients with dry eye, a condition associated with autonomic dysfunction in iPD [8, 35].”
BackgroundOcular disorders in Parkinson’s disease: A review
Bansal, Y., & Grover, R. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology and Research · doi:10.4103/jcor.jcor_111_23 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Early clinical features of the parkinsonian-related dementias
Katz, M., Pressman, P., & Boeve, B. F. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139924771.018 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Asah, C., Frandsen, R. A. V., Ibsen, R., Kjellberg, J., & Jennum, P. (2021) · Neuroepidemiology · doi:10.1159/000514175 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Stroe, A. Z., Jurja, S., Stuparu, A. F., & Axelerad, A. D. (2023) · Neurology International · doi:10.3390/neurolint15010012 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Various studies indicate that PD patients have a lower convergence amplitude compared to healthy subjects [86,87].”
BackgroundImpact of Visual Impairment on Vision-Related Quality of Life in Parkinson’s Disease
Pengo, M., Murueta‐Goyena, A., Teijeira‐Portas, S., Acera, M., Pino, R. D., Sáez-Atxukarro, O., Díez‐Cirarda, M., Tijero, B., Fernández‐Valle, T., Gómez‐Esteban, J. C., et al. (2022) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-213143 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Exploring ocular disorders in Parkinson's disease: A comprehensive review and future perspectives
Thacker, M., Wong, K. Y., Zhou, L., Liu, J., & Wong, M. (2024) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2024.110225 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Yoon, B., Sa, H., & Kim, H. J. (2024) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2024.1331786 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“These visual symptoms in PD can range from reduced color discrimination, contrast sensitivity, motion perception, visual processing speeds, visual acuity, and alongside retinal degeneration (Archibald et al., 2009; Bodis-Wollner, 2009; Nowacka et al., 2014; Armstrong, 2017; Ekker et al., 2017).”
BackgroundAutonomic Nerve Dysfunction in Ocular Diseases
Murakami, A. (2016) · Juntendō Igaku/Juntendo igaku · doi:10.14789/jmj.62.377 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Clinical Updates and Recent Developments in Neuro-Ophthalmology
Vuppala, A.-A. D., & Miller, N. R. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-25389-9_8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pavlenko, T. A., Chesnokova, N. B., Валерьевна, Б. О., Shikareva, N. N., Nodel, M. R., Викторовна, Ш. К., Panina, U. V., Shteinberg, D. A., Kukharskaya, O. A., Sukhanova, I. S., et al. (2025) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.19623 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Parkinson's disease and reading performance
Herrero‐Gracia, A., Hernández‐Andrés, R., Merino, C. V., Muedra, C. P., Ciuffreda, K. J., & Dı́ez-Ajenjo, M. A. (2025) · Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics · doi:10.1111/opo.70032 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“4,27 Many of these deficits may impair the ability to read efficiently.”
Color Vision Deficits and Binocular Vision Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease
Mleczek, J., Forjindam, A., Shaikh, A., & Ghasia, F. F. (2026) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci16020213 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Convergence insufficiency (CI) is commonly reported in PD [7,12–17] and may occur even without overt diplopia [13], and additional binocular deficits, including reduced stereopsis, are frequently noted [18,19].”
Ng, K. S., Nordin, M. H., Tamilarsan, S. S., Hitam, W. H. W., & Sanihah, A. H. (2023) · Prague Medical Report · doi:10.14712/23362936.2023.32 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Contrast Sensitivity Function in Parkinson’s Disease: Effects of Illumination and Disease Stage
Herrero‐Gracia, A., Hernández‐Andrés, R., Muedra, C. P., Ciuffreda, K. J., & Dı́ez-Ajenjo, M. A. (2026) · Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics · doi:10.1007/s44402-026-00091-7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ocular manifestations of Parkinson disease
Al-Namaeh, M. (2020) · Medical Hypothesis Discovery & Innovation in Optometry · doi:10.51329/mehdioptometry101 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Eyelid Dysfunction in Neurodegenerative, Neurogenetic, and Neurometabolic Disease
Hamedani, A. G., & Gold, D. R. (2019) · Contemporary clinical neuroscience · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-31407-1_20 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Safranow, K.
- Affiliations
- Pomeranian Medical University (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Safranow, Krzysztof
- ORCID
- Safranow, Krzysztof
- Venue
- Medical Science Monitor
- Published
- 2014
- Volume
- 20
- Pages
- 2243-2249
- ISSN
- 1234-1010 (ISSN-L)
- 1643-3750
- PMC
- PMC4238794
- OpenAlex
- W2119737193
- Cited by
- 119
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 5.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Medical Science Monitor (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Glaucoma and retinal disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Drug-Induced Ocular Toxicity
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, ocular manifestations, visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, color vision, convergence insufficiency, dry eye, meibomian gland dysfunction, seborrheic blepharitis, cataract, glaucoma, intraocular pressure, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, peripapillary retinal thickness, visual hallucinations
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Eye, Female, Glaucoma, Humans, Male, Parkinson Disease, Surveys and Questionnaires, Case-Control Studies
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