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Trần Đức Thảo: A Marxist Theory of the Origins of Human Language
Open accessAbstract
This paper will explore Trần Đức Thảo’s (Từ Sơn, Bắc Ninh, September 26 th , 1917 – Paris, April 24 th , 1993) work from historical, philosophical, and linguistic points of view. Most notably it will focus on Thảo’s Recherches sur l’origine du langage et de la conscience (1973). According to Marx and Engels, Thảo argued that language was originally constituted during collective cooperative activities. And he also suggested that human specific skills appeared for the first time with the production of first tools. To him, language arose as gestural and verbal indication involved in task-oriented cooperative activities already in hominid societies. Trying to integrate Piaget’s child development psychology with the findings of Spirkin’s anthropology, Thảo described six stages of evolution of genus Homo.
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TL;DR
This paper reconstructs Trần Đức Thảo’s Marxist theory of the origins of human language, tracing it from *Phenomenology and Dialectical Materialism* (1951) to *Investigations into the origin of language and consciousness* (1973). It argues that language emerged from gestural and vocal indications in cooperative tool-making and labour, and compares Thảo’s account with Marx/Engels, Piaget, Spirkin, Saussure, and modern language-evolution research.
Key findings
- Thảo held that language was originally constituted during collective cooperative activities; human-specific skills appeared with the production of first tools, and language arose as gestural and verbal indication in task-oriented cooperative activities already in hominid societies.
- In *ILC*, Thảo described three main stages of the “language of real life” — pointing, syntax, and fully-formed language — with proximate overlaps, slow transitions, and coexistence; the abstract also says he described six stages of evolution of genus *Homo*.
- Thảo proposed a “dialectical semiology” or “semiotics of the language of real life” centred on intrinsic/motivated signs (miming, gesturing, pointing, rites, symbols, artworks, etc.), against Saussure’s emphasis on arbitrariness; intrinsic signs condition arbitrary sign systems.
- Thảo traced language evolution through signs: “signs of presentation” in apes/anthropoids, “signs of representation” and “syncretic word” in hominids, “typical name available to the group” before the Oldowan, “functional sentences” in *H. habilis*, and “sentences in the strict sense” by the Chellean; syntax built on the three-term structure “this here (T) in a motion (M) in some form (F), or TMF.”
Methods
- Historical, philosophical, and linguistic reconstruction of Thảo’s work, focusing on *PDM* (1951), *ILC* (1973), and “De la phénoménologie à la dialectique matérialiste de la conscience” (1974–75); no empirical sample is used.
- The paper compares Thảo’s hypotheses with Marx and Engels, Piaget, Spirkin, Saussure, Vygotskij, Leroi-Gourhan, and recent scholars such as Tomasello et al., Bickerton, Deacon, Corballis, and Mithen.
- The text is the written version of a talk given at the International Workshop “Theory of Language and the Debate on Language Origins” (Trento, Department of Humanities, 18–20 November 2015).
Limitations
- The paper states that Thảo’s theory was deeply influenced by contemporary ideologies, including Lysenko’s epigenetic model; it also identifies a conundrum: how the development of linear analytical word order could explain the recursive procedures of fully-formed languages, noting Thảo was more interested in semantics–syntax interactions than in syntactic structures as such.
- Evident from the text: the study is exegetical and comparative rather than empirical, relying on Thảo’s published works and secondary literature; it does not test Thảo’s hypotheses against new data.
- Evident from the text: some chronological/period labels appear inconsistent or typo-prone (e.g., “*H. habilis* (2,5-2,5 ma)”, “pithecantropus (1 ma -7000,000)”), so specific dates should be treated cautiously.
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“Together, those three terms (T, M, and F) represent the fundamental keys to produce almost all the sentences until a fully-formed language emerges.”
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In the paper
“In other words, Thảo argued that cooperative hunting, social learning, toolmaking, and faculty of language share the same cognitive background.”
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“Indeed syncretic words were extensively polysemous and thus they were understood only within a given perceptive field.”
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In the paper
“And only when the stage of the australanthropus came to a close, the development of the lateral tubercle (Broca's area) entailed “the inhibition of sounds immediately after their emission which allows one to differentiate them by passing distinctly from one to the other””
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“H. habilis (2, 5-2,5 ma) began to systematically link typical names in order to produce elementary sentences, the so-called “functional sentences””
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Thảo, 1984, 82
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“Thảo insisted that collective hunt in small groups required a communication system which was less equivocal than isolated syncretic words.”
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“The need to communicate among sub-groups played the leading part in using a more efficient communication system during a collective hunt.”
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“Australanthropus began to connect two syncretic words with the help of the connection of the two subjacent gestures.”
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In the paper
“Before the age of H. neanderthalensis (200 ka -40 ka), language was already fully-formed.”
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“To Thảo, cognitive and linguistic processes are rooted in physical interactions of the body with the physical and social environment.”
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In the paper
“To Thảo there was no qualitative gap between sentences of H. habilis and those of H. sapiens.”
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In the paper
“But nobody should forget that to Thảo the social praxis mediates the mutual influence of language and brain.”
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In the paper
“Simultaneously, functional sentences became “sentences in the strict sense”.”
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“To him, language faculty is located in the brain and depends upon some bodily predispositions.”
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“Thus not only did Thảo suggest that the development of the brain could entail the evolution of language, he also set out that language, in turn, may change the brain and the corresponding cognitive skills.”
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“So Thảo focussed squarely on the fact that language is something that a given individual could find in the social environment.”
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“In detail, Thảo refused to merely condemn the non-wholly arbitrary signs, insofar they permit to suggest a hypothesis on semiogenesis of language.”
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“To him, the development of ever more complex syntactic constructions began with a three-terms fundamental structure: “this here (T) in a motion (M) in some form (F), or TMF”.”
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“To him, dialectical materialism gave the best explanation for the social origins of language without transcending the natural dimension.”
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“Thảo, however, did not explicitly suggest that sentences and operative chains had the same structures.”
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“At the beginning of the Chellean Period (~ 1, 7 ka), the pithecantropus (1 ma -7000, 000) revealed the ability to have, in advance, the representation of the long series of operations involved in tool-making (biface).”
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“According to Thảo, tool-making must fulfil a dual task, to be the heuristic principle to deduce the cognitive skills of our ancestors and to be the explicative principle of the evolution of social habits.”
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“So he preserved the term sign in order to explicitly deprive it of all the privileges accorded it by scholars who regard a fully-formed language as a model of any semiotic system.”
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“Additionally, the evolution of that ability depends upon the need to cooperate rather than being the condition for having cooperation.”
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In the paper
“Thus not only did Thảo suggest that the development of the brain could entail the evolution of language, he also set out that language, in turn, may change the brain and the corresponding cognitive skills.”
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In the paper
“They were nothing but the result of the connection of two or more sentences.”
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“During the Oldowan Period (2, 6-1,7 ka), functional sentences were used to represent an absent scene instead of drawing attention to single objects or prototypes.”
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“To Thảo, however, the ability for shared intentionality is the prerequisite of individual intentionality rather than being its development.”
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“It is significant that, according to Thảo, the development of labour marks the most relevant shift between humans and other animals.”
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“To Thảo, the most elementary understanding of a given speech act is enabled by the motivated features of communication (gestures, mimics, syntax, intonation, etc.), the frame of reference, and shared practical purposes.”
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“To Thảo, the development of a fully-formed language follows a slow process that has led the original holistic communication system to the analytical structure of modern languages.”
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“Thảo's answer was that this process did not end in a prehistoric phase but rather continues in everyday life.”
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“In fact, Thảo's genetic semiotics is based on the revaluation of motivated signs.”
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“As a result, to Thảo, the Husserlian transcendental Ego is the sensible embodied historical Ego.”
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In the paper
“Trying to integrate Piaget's child development psychology with the findings of Spirkin's anthropology, Thảo described six stages of evolution of genus Homo.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Piaget
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- Not matchedcites Spirkin
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“What has to be stressed is only that some assumptions of his theory remained untouched between 1951 and 1973.”
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In the paper
“According to Marx and Engels, Thảo argued that language was originally constituted during collective cooperative activities.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Marx and Engels
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“In those pages, Thảo did not codify dialectical materialism as an alternative to Husserl's phenomenology and preferred to integrate Husserlian philosophy into Marxism.”
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In the paper
“But Husserlian philosophy, Thảo continued, could be useful to describe animal cognition.”
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In the paper
“his two most famous books, namely Phenomenology and Dialectical Materialism (PDM, published in 1951) and Investigations into the origins of language and consciousness (ILC, published in 1973), reveal the development of his theory on the origins of language.”
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“To Thảo consciousness is nothing but nature becoming human in the real sensible life.”
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In the paper
“To him, language arose as gestural and verbal indication involved in task-oriented cooperative activities already in hominid societies.”
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In the paper
“In this period, in fact, Thảo's aim was to suggest a materialist anthropological theory on the origins of human cognition.”
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“Between the 1960s and 1970s he broke away from Husserlian philosophy radically.”
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“And he also suggested that human specific skills appeared for the first time with the production of first tools.”
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“Thus Thảo suggested a sort of naturalization of Husserl's phenomenology (Benoist, 2013).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Benoist, 2013
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“To Thảo, materiality (Dinglichkeit, matérialité) «is not merely a substrate indifferent to the significations which it bears» ([1951] 1985, p. XXIII) but rather it is the real infrastructure on which the intellectual superstructures are founded.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Thảo, [1951] 1985
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“To Thảo, the description of the manipulation, the instrument-making, and the tool-making may elucidate the three main stages of the evolution from anthropoids to humans.”
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In the paper
“Interestingly, it seems that Thảo did not essentially separate the development of the syntaxsemantics interface.”
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“To him, during tool-making activities, vocalizations rhythmically accompanied the same step of a given sequence of movements.”
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“And that background is nothing but the pragmatic and physical frame of reference.”
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“Concepts are the historical products of both the social life within a given community and the intergenerational transmission of habits.”
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“To Engels, in contrast with that, the evolution of humans reveals a gradual development of anatomy (hands, brain, and senses), social life (labour, communication), and cognitive skills (language and consciousness).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Engels
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“And in this way, the language of real life must be seen as a pattern of the protolanguage employed by our ancestors.”
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“In fact, the evolution of cerebral cortex marks the development of ever more sophisticated systems of inhibition.”
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“In contrast to apes, anthropoids recognize the intrinsic, and not merely occasional, efficacy of instruments.”
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“Thảo, thus, seems to advocate a form of continuity approach (Pinker and Bloom, 1990;Pinker and Jackendoff, 2005).”
What the sources say
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In the paper
“In detail, Thảo insisted that language and concepts arose in the context of common goal-oriented and cooperative activities (tool-making) among our human ancestors.”
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In the paper
“Those vocalizations became the first linguistic roots and they were the same for all members of the group.”
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“In fact, the language of real life might be regarded as a social tool shared by a group during cooperative collective activities.”
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In the paper
“Among anthropoids, the systematic use of instruments (instruments) is already at work.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A communicative act requires two subjects (the ego and the alter-ego) at least.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“What Husserl called consciousness is nothing but the reflex of a given mode of behaviour.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The idea Thảo developed in this way was based on the assumption that language is a social tool.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Language is a social tool.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the recession of tropical forests towards the end of the Tertiary Period (2, 58 ma), Thảo wrote that the first examples of australanthropus began to live in groups and worked in coordination to survive and adapt themselves to new environmental conditions.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This language could be internalised by individuals and, thus, entails self-consciousness.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast to many today's scholars, Thảo previously provided a general semiotic theory to support his hypothesis.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thảo's perspective changed in his ILC: the language is no longer a reflex of social life but rather one of the most essential elements of social praxis.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since the systematic use of guidance gestures had been established, those signs began to indicate absent objects of biological needs and entailed the cognitive representation of them.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Thảo's considerations might recall the cognitive and practical analogy between instrument-production and syntactic structures suggested by Leroi-Gourhan (1964-65).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Leroi-Gourhan (1964-65)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“So the faculty of language is nothing but the specialization of a more general faculty which one can observe among other mammals.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“the symbolic act of signification is an act that stops at the initial phase of its accomplishment and refers, thereby, to its total form that has been left unaccomplished”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Thảo, [1951] 1985
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Language and other communicative acts, indeed, must be studied against the background of real communication.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The preparation and use of natural instruments take place in front or beside the biological object and are abandoned when the need disappears.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“To Engels, indeed, language is the result of the need to communicate (MEW 20, pp.444-455.).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites MEW 20, pp.444-455.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“According to the findings of Meredith Crawford , chimpanzees might take advantage of vocal signs although they cannot reach the level of human language.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Meredith Crawford
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“And this use of gestures was the condition for having complex interpersonal relations («relation of reciprocity»).”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To Thảo tool-making is the most decisive factor in the evolution of language.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Thảo acknowledged that research on that topic must be intimately related to the findings of biology, too, as today it is widely accepted by the scientific community.(Fitch, Hauser and Chomsky, 2005, p. 180).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fitch, Hauser and Chomsky, 2005, p. 180 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not checked yet
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To Thảo the language of real life can be seen as material vocal and gestural expressions involved in work activities.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Language in strict sense is characterized by the fact that it involves concepts.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But toolmaking emerged only with H. sapiens.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“And the communicative circle ends when the ego understands that the alter-ego has understood the first step of that circle.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In PDM, language played a role, but not a very relevant one, because it was simply the mental reflex of social praxis.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To Thảo, those stages correspond to the different degrees of intelligent behaviour which one may observe in animal kingdom.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This dynamic corresponds to the neurophysiological process which fixes in the brain the traces of a given social habit.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are no clear-cut distinctions between these three stages but proximate overlaps, slow transitions and coexistence.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More specifically, each cognitive stage corresponds to the following organisms: protista, sponges, coelenterates, worms, fish, mammals, lower apes, anthropoids, and humans.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Certainly, Thảo's theory, as has been seen, was deeply influenced by contemporary ideologies.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Then the interjections performed during common goal-oriented actions began to refer to bodily-schemata of that common activity.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For those reasons, Thảo's theory meets the need of an interdisciplinary approach in the field of the research on the evolution of language.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Just to mention one example in this regard, Tomasello et al.(2005, 690) basically continue along the same line as Thảo.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Tomasello et al., 2005, 690 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“So Thảo dealt with the three main stages of the evolution of the language of real life -pointing, syntax, and fully-formed language.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 1951 Thảo explained the origins of human language without taking into account the evolution of humans: linguistic skills arose among our fully-formed human ancestors.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Progressively, vocalizations allowed the internalization of the bodily-schemata involved in the sequence of movements.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Mithen (2005) has recently suggested something like that but he does not set out that holistic communication of our ancestors could be regarded as the only precursor of a fully-formed language.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Mithen (2005)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consequently, nobody can reject ancient theories in advance insofar as they may enable the debate to focus on the plausibility and potentialities of currently available assumptions.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thảo's semiotics offers some tools to assess some assumption which are extensively employed by recent scholars.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Thảo's emphasis on the peculiar semantic and syntactic features of gestural communication systems -which could be at best punctuated with grunts and other vocalizations -may recall Corballis (2003).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Corballis (2003)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For this reason it seems that he suggested a theory of the iconic nature of syntax (Burling, 1999).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Burling, 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But it does not mean that such a theory cannot offer valuable insights on how it is best to proceed for tackling current issues.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A given theory set out in the past must be seen as a historical phenomenon.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed the evolution of language is a field of research that cannot neglect the problematic nature and weakness of its methods, paradigms, and assumptions.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But the principles which have been suggested so far need to be discussed further on because they still lack a shared common framework.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Language is a social tool.
“The idea Thảo developed in this way was based on the assumption that language is a social tool.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Oldowan language stage is placed long after H. habilis
MinorThe paper dates H. habilis to about 2.5 ma, but places its further development of functional sentences during the Oldowan Period, dated 2.6-1.7 ka. As printed, the Oldowan dates are roughly a thousand times more recent than the stated date for H. habilis.
“During the Oldowan Period (2, 6-1,7 ka), functional sentences were used to represent an absent scene instead of drawing attention to single objects or prototypes.Slowly, H. habilis began to connect elementary functional sentences in order to express the so-called "developed functional sentence".”
“H. habilis (2, 5-2,5 ma) began to systematically link typical names in order to produce elementary sentences, the so-called "functional sentences"”
Citations
Cites
Understanding and sharing intentions: The origins of cultural cognition
Tomasello, M., Carpenter, M., Call, J., Behne, T., & Moll, H. (2005) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x05000129 · Cited by 4,882
Clark, H. H., & Brennan, S. E. (1991) · Perspectives on socially shared cognition. · doi:10.1037/10096-006 · Cited by 4,555
The symbolic species: the co-evolution of language and the brain
(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-1500 · Cited by 2,443
McKinsey, J. C. C., & Reichenbach, H. (1948) · American Mathematical Monthly · doi:10.2307/2305604 · Cited by 2,249
Principles of Object Perception
Spelke, E. S. (1990) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1207/s15516709cog1401_3 · Cited by 1,396
Simberloff, D., Levins, R., & Lewontin, R. (1987) · The Condor · doi:10.2307/1368785 · Cited by 1,387
Natural language and natural selection
Pinker, S., & Bloom, P. (1990) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00081061 · Cited by 1,330
The Biology and Evolution of Language.
Beck, B., & LIEBERMAN, P. H. (1985) · Man · doi:10.2307/2802450 · Cited by 1,172
Goodman, N., & Reichenbach, H. (1948) · The Philosophical Review · doi:10.2307/2181740 · Cited by 1,094
The singing neanderthals: the origins of music, language, mind, and body
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-0851 · Cited by 780
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 36 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- Baribeau, J. (1986). The provocative Tran Duc Thao theses. On the Origin of Language and Consciousness. A Review Essay. Science and Nature 7/6: 56-62.
- Benoist, J. (2013). Une première naturalisation de la phénoménologie?. In Benoist and Espagne (eds.) (2013: 25-48).
- Bickerton, D. (1998). Catastrophic evolution: The case for a single step from protolanguage to full formed language. In Hurford, R., James, Studdert- Kennedy, Michael, Knight, Chris (eds). Approaches to the Evolution of Language: Social and Cognitive Basis, 341-358. Cambridge: University Press.
- Borghi, M. A., Cimatti, F. 2015. WAT (Words As social Tools): Una prospettiva socio-corporea della cognizione umana. Sistemi intelligenti 2015 (2): 361-372.
- Burling, R. (1999). Motivation, conventionalization, and arbitrariness in the origin of language. In B.J. King (ed.). The Origins of Language: What Nonhuman Primates Can Tell Us, 307-350. Santa Fe, NM: School for American Research Press.
- Claesges, U. (1972). Zwischendeutigkeiten in Husserls Lebenswelt- Begriff. In Claesges, Ulrich and Heid, Klaus (eds.). Perspektiven transzendentalphänomenologischer Forschung, 85-101. Den Haag: Nijhoff.
- Papin, P. (2013). Itinéraire 2. Les exils intérieurs. In Benoist, Espagne (eds.) (2013: 62-89).
- Perreau, L. (2010). Le monde de la vie. In Benoist, J., Gérard, V. (eds.) Husserl, 251-272. Paris: Ellipses.
- Pleyer, M. (2011). The Biological Evolution of Language. Contributions to the Study of Language, Literature and Culture, 2011 (1): 75-97.
- Saussure, Ferdinand de. (1916). Cours de linguistique générale. Paris: Payot. English translation by Wade Baskin. (1959; 1995). Course in General Linguistics. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Thảo, T. Đ. (1951). Phénoménologie et Matérialisme Dialectique. Paris: Minh Tan. English trans. by D.J. Herman, D.V. Morano. (1985). Phenomenology and Dialectical Materialism. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 49. Dordrecht Boston: D. Reidel.
- Waldenfels, B. (1971). Weltliche und soziale Einzigkeit bei Husserl. Zeitschrift für philosophische Forschung, 25(2): 157-171.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Tran-Duc-Thao and the language of real life
d'Alonzo, J. (2018) · Language Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.langsci.2018.06.007 · Cited by 10
Self-citationLangage intérieur et origine de la conscience : le cas de Tran Duc Thao
d'Alonzo, J. (2019) · Histoire Épistémologie Langage · doi:10.1051/hel/2019008 · Cited by 2
Self-citationTran Duc Thao: Consciousness & Language. Report of the Centenary Conference
d'Alonzo, J. (2018) · Acta Structuralica · doi:10.19079/actas.2018.1.31 · Cited by 1
Self-citationd'Alonzo, J., & Feron, A. (2020) · Histoire Épistémologie Langage · doi:10.1051/hel/2020013
Self-citationThe Intellectual Transformation of Trần Đức Thảo
Nguyen, N., & Dang, C. (2024) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja)
Metadata
- Authors
- D'Alonzo, J.
- Affiliations
- Université Sorbonne Nouvelle (FR)
- Corresponding author
- D'Alonzo, Jacopo
- ORCID
- D'Alonzo, Jacopo
- Venue
- Theoria et Historia Scientiarum
- Published
- 2016-12-19
- Volume
- 13
- Pages
- 103
- ISSN
- 0867-4159 (ISSN-L)
- 2392-1196
- OpenAlex
- W2574801803
- Cited by
- 4
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 5.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- vi
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Theoria et Historia Scientiarum (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Historical Linguistics and Language Studies
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Language and cultural evolution
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Marxism and Critical Theory
- Keywords
- origin of language, Marxist theory of language, collective labor, collaborative activities, tool production, gestural communication, hominid evolution, Piaget, human consciousness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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