The Dialectical Biologist

Simberloff, Daniel; Levins, Richard; Lewontin, Richard

doi:10.2307/1368785

Cited by 1,387Philosophy of Biology and Scientific ExplanationMarxism and Critical TheoryTwentieth Century Scientific Developments

The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 9 of the 12 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Dialectical Biologist

Simberloff, Daniel, Levins, Richard, Lewontin, Richard·1987·The Condor

DOI 10.2307/1368785

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Scientists act within a social context and from a philosophical perspective that is inherently political. Whether they realize it or not, scientists always choose sides. The Dialectical Biologist explores this political nature of scientific inquiry, advancing its argument within the framework of Marxist dialectic. These essays stress the concepts of continual change and codetermination between organism and environment, part and whole, structure and process, science and politics. Throughout, this book questions our accepted definitions and biases, showing the self-reflective nature of scientific activity within society.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2307/1368785

Cites

9 of 9 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Evolution in Changing Environments
Levins, R. (1968) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780691209418 · Cited by 5,401
Self-citation
Ecology: The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance
Krebs, C. J. (1973) · Cited by 4,620
THE GENETIC BASIS OF EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE
Felsenstein, J., & Lewontin, R. C. (1975) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1975.tb00851.x · Cited by 3,894
Self-citation
Form and Function in Birds
Fedde, M. R. (1989) · Poultry Science · doi:10.3382/ps.0681599 · Cited by 847
The Social Function of Science.
Wootton, B., & Bernal, J. D. (1939) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.2307/2225099 · Cited by 672
The Theory of Diversity-Stability Relationships in Ecology
Goodman, D. (1975) · The Quarterly Review of Biology · doi:10.1086/408563 · Cited by 470
Evolution in Changing Environments.
Smith, J. M., & Levins, R. (1970) · Population Studies · doi:10.2307/2173276 · Cited by 308
Self-citation
Birds of eucalypt forest and woodlands: Ecology, conservation and management
(1987) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/0006-3207(87)90069-3 · Cited by 13
The birds of the Creston Valley and southeastern British Columbia
Butler, R. W., Stushnoff, B. G., & McMakin, E. (1986) · Canadian Wildlife Service eBooks · Cited by 7

Flagged first, then by citations

3 of the 12 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

Students' and teachers' conceptions of the nature of science: A review of the research
Lederman, N. G. (1992) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.3660290404 · Cited by 2,241
The Capitalocene, Part I: on the nature and origins of our ecological crisis
Moore, J. W. (2017) · The Journal of Peasant Studies · doi:10.1080/03066150.2016.1235036 · Cited by 1,850
What Is Conservation Biology?
(1985) · BioScience · doi:10.2307/1310054 · Cited by 1,645
“Vygotsky’s Neglected Legacy”: Cultural-Historical Activity Theory
Roth, W., & Lee, Y. (2007) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654306298273 · Cited by 1,240
Transforming Technology
Feenberg, A. (2002) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195146158.001.0001 · Cited by 1,150
Modernity and Hybridity: Nature, Regeneracionismo, and the Production of the Spanish Waterscape, 1890–1930
Swyngedouw, E. A. (1999) · Annals of the Association of American Geographers · doi:10.1111/0004-5608.00157 · Cited by 1,043
The Antinomies of the Postpolitical City: In Search of a Democratic Politics of Environmental Production
Swyngedouw, E. A. (2009) · International Journal of Urban and Regional Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2427.2009.00859.x · Cited by 977
Racism, Sexism, and Social Class: Implications for Studies of Health, Disease, and Well-being
Krieger, N., Rowley, D. L., Herman, A. A., Avery, B., & Phillips, M. T. (1993) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(18)30666-4 · Cited by 956
Evolution of the Marketing Organization: New Forms for Turbulent Environments
Achrol, R. S. (1991) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1177/002224299105500406 · Cited by 867
An introduction to niche construction theory
Laland, K. N., Matthews, B., & Feldman, M. W. (2016) · Evolutionary Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10682-016-9821-z · Cited by 690
Evolution, selection and cognition: From “learning” to parameter setting in biology and in the study of language
Piattelli‐Palmarini, M. (1989) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(89)90016-4 · Cited by 606
The Nature of Nurture: Genetic Influence on “Environmental” Measures
Plomin, R., & Bergeman, C. S. (1991) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00070278 · Cited by 556
Circulations and metabolisms: (Hybrid) Natures and (Cyborg) cities
Swyngedouw, E. A. (2006) · Science as Culture · doi:10.1080/09505430600707970 · Cited by 550
Traditional epidemiology, modern epidemiology, and public health.
Pearce, N. (1996) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.86.5.678 · Cited by 535
Place and Space: A Lefebvrian Reconciliation
Merrifield, A. S. (1993) · Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers · doi:10.2307/622564 · Cited by 514
The Capitalocene Part II: accumulation by appropriation and the centrality of unpaid work/energy
Moore, J. W. (2017) · The Journal of Peasant Studies · doi:10.1080/03066150.2016.1272587 · Cited by 500
ECOSYSTEM CONSEQUENCES OF BIODIVERSITY LOSS: THE EVOLUTION OF A PARADIGM
Naeem, S. (2002) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[1537:ecoblt]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 483
Insensitivity of the analysis of variance to heredity-environment interaction
Wahłsten, D. (1990) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00077797 · Cited by 465
Carbon metabolism: Global capitalism, climate change, and the biospheric rift
Clark, B., & York, R. (2005) · Theory and Society · doi:10.1007/s11186-005-1993-4 · Cited by 460
Transcending the metabolic rift: a theory of crises in the capitalist world-ecology
Moore, J. W. (2011) · The Journal of Peasant Studies · doi:10.1080/03066150.2010.538579 · Cited by 460
The Social Model of Disability: Dichotomy between Impairment and Disability
Anastasiou, D., & Kauffman, J. M. (2013) · The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine · doi:10.1093/jmp/jht026 · Cited by 448
Social Theory and the De/Reconstruction of Agricultural Science: Local Knowledge for an Alternative Agriculture1
Kloppenburg, J. R. (1991) · Rural Sociology · doi:10.1111/j.1549-0831.1991.tb00445.x · Cited by 444
The case for methodological pluralism
Norgaard, R. B. (1989) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/0921-8009(89)90023-2 · Cited by 438
Depoliticized Environments: The End of Nature, Climate Change and the Post-Political Condition
Swyngedouw, E. A. (2011) · Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement · doi:10.1017/s1358246111000300 · Cited by 435
Ecological Aspects of Neophobia and neophilia in birds
Greenberg, R., & Mettke‐Hofmann, C. (2001) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1211-0_3 · Cited by 424
Logics of Identity, Contradiction, and Attraction in Change
Ford, J. D., & Ford, L. W. (1994) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1994.9412190218 · Cited by 401
Agroecology, scaling and interdisciplinarity
Dalgaard, T., Hutchings, N. J., & Porter, J. R. (2003) · Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/s0167-8809(03)00152-x · Cited by 400
Fitness of multidimensional phenotypes in dynamic adaptive landscapes
Laughlin, D. C., & Messier, J. (2015) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2015.06.003 · Cited by 394
Developmental Psychology: Philosophy, Concepts, Methodology
Overton, W. F. (2007) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0102 · Cited by 387
Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Values in Science: Rethinking the Dichotomy
Longino, H. E. (1996) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-1742-2_3 · Cited by 375
PERSPECTIVE METAZOAN COMPLEXITY AND EVOLUTION: IS THERE A TREND?
McShea, D. W. (1996) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb03861.x · Cited by 353
Dispersal and Species Diversity: A Meta-Analysis
Cadotte, M. W. (2006) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/504850 · Cited by 333
The Average Expectable Environment Is Not Good Enough: A Response to Scarr
Baumrind, D. (1993) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1993.tb02954.x · Cited by 326
The Evolution of Truly Social Cognition: The Core Configurations Model
Caporael, L. R. (1997) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0104_1 · Cited by 326
Developmental Dynamics: Toward a Biologically Plausible Evolutionary Psychology.
Lickliter, R., & Honeycutt, H. G. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.6.819 · Cited by 323
determinación social de la salud como herramienta de transformación hacia una nueva salud pública (salud colectiva)
Breilh, J. (2013) · Revista Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública · doi:10.17533/udea.rfnsp.16637 · Cited by 322
Ecological and geographical scale: parallels and potential for integration
Sayre, N. F. (2005) · Progress in Human Geography · doi:10.1191/0309132505ph546oa · Cited by 318
Cultural Niche Construction: An Introduction
Laland, K. N., & O’Brien, M. J. (2011) · Biological Theory · doi:10.1007/s13752-012-0026-6 · Cited by 312
The Ontology of Complex Systems: Levels of Organization, Perspectives, and Causal Thickets
Wimsatt, W. C. (1994) · Canadian Journal of Philosophy Supplementary Volume · doi:10.1080/00455091.1994.10717400 · Cited by 311
Adaptation Reviewed: A Phylogenetic Methodology for Studying Character Macroevolution
Baum, D., & Larson, A. (1991) · Systematic Biology · doi:10.1093/sysbio/40.1.1 · Cited by 305
Ways of coloring: Comparative color vision as a case study for cognitive science
Thompson, E. T., Palacios, A. G., & Varela, F. J. (1992) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00067248 · Cited by 293
Social Medicine Then and Now: Lessons From Latin America
Waitzkin, H. B., Iriart, C., Estrada, A., & Lamadrid, S. (2001) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.91.10.1592 · Cited by 287
Organism: A Meshwork of Selfless Selves
Varela, F. J. (1991) · Boston studies in the philosophy of science · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-3406-4_5 · Cited by 281
Evolving the future: Toward a science of intentional change
Wilson, D. S., Hayes, S. C., Biglan, A., & Embry, D. D. (2014) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x13001593 · Cited by 255
Future contributions of crop modelling—from heuristics and supporting decision making to understanding genetic regulation and aiding crop improvement
Hammer, G., Kropff, M. J., Sinclair, T. R., & Porter, J. R. (2002) · European Journal of Agronomy · doi:10.1016/s1161-0301(02)00093-x · Cited by 253
Trait variation and integration across scales: is the leaf economic spectrum present at local scales?
Messier, J., McGill, B. J., Enquist, B. J., & Lechowicz, M. J. (2016) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/ecog.02006 · Cited by 251
THE MATTER OF NATURE
FitzSimmons, M. (1989) · Antipode · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8330.1989.tb00183.x · Cited by 244
The Nature of Environment: Dialectics of Social and Environmental Change
Harvey, D. (1993) · Socialist register · Cited by 241
Pattern of medical waste management: existing scenario in Dhaka City, Bangladesh
Hassan, M. M., Ahmed, S. A., Rahman, K., & Biswas, T. K. (2008) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-36 · Cited by 235
A Realist Philosophy of Social Science
Manicas, P. T. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511607035 · Cited by 232
Physical Literacy: Philosophical Considerations in Relation to Developing a Sense of Self, Universality and Propositional Knowledge
Whitehead, M. (2007) · Sport, Ethics and Philosophy · doi:10.1080/17511320701676916 · Cited by 231
THE ECOLOGICAL BASIS OF ALTERNATIVE AGRICULTURE
Vandermeer, J. H. (1995) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.es.26.110195.001221 · Cited by 228
Metazoan Complexity and Evolution: Is There a Trend?Preprint
McShea, D. W. (1996) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 226
Beyond the Nature-Culture Dualism
Haila, Y. (2000) · Biology & Philosophy · doi:10.1023/a:1006625830102 · Cited by 207
NicheMapR – an R package for biophysical modelling: the ectotherm and Dynamic Energy Budget models
Kearney, M., & Porter, W. P. (2019) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/ecog.04680 · Cited by 207
Life‐Span Development: Concepts and Issues
Overton, W. F. (2010) · The Handbook of Life‐Span Development · doi:10.1002/9780470880166.hlsd001001 · Cited by 200
Ecopsychology: science, totems, and the technological species
(2013) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.50-4131 · Cited by 196
Embryology, epigenesis, and evolution: taking development seriously
(2004) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.42-2215 · Cited by 195
Thermodynamic Reasons for Perception--Action Cycles
Swenson, R., & Turvey, M. T. (1991) · Ecological Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15326969eco0304_2 · Cited by 193
Ecological Statistics
(2015) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199672547.001.0001 · Cited by 192
Neoliberalism on the molecular scale. Economic and genetic reductionism in biotechnology battles
McAfee, K. (2003) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/s0016-7185(02)00089-1 · Cited by 191
CONVERGENCE AND THE MULTIDIMENSIONAL NICHE
Harmon, L. J., Kolbe, J. J., Cheverud, J. M., & Losos, J. B. (2005) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb00999.x · Cited by 191
On the Theoretical Role of “Genetic Coding”
Godfrey‐Smith, P. (2000) · Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1086/392760 · Cited by 191
Creating Synergies between Citizen Science and Indigenous and Local Knowledge
Tengö, M., Austin, B. J., Danielsen, F., & Fernández‐Llamazares, Á. (2021) · BioScience · doi:10.1093/biosci/biab023 · Cited by 183
The Nested Assembly of Plant Facilitation Networks Prevents Species Extinctions
Verdú, M., & Valiente‐Banuet, A. (2008) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/593003 · Cited by 182
A Brief History of Systems Biology
TREWAVAS, A. J. (2006) · The Plant Cell · doi:10.1105/tpc.106.042267 · Cited by 178
Co‐occurrence based assessment of habitat generalists and specialists: a new approach for the measurement of niche width
Fridley, J. D., Vandermast, D. B., Kuppinger, D. M., Manthey, M. J., & Peet, R. K. (2007) · Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01236.x · Cited by 178
The Evolution and Evolvability of Culture
Sterelny, K. (2006) · Mind & Language · doi:10.1111/j.0268-1064.2006.00309.x · Cited by 177
Ecosystem services as technology of globalization: On articulating values in urban nature
Ernstson, H., & Sörlin, S. (2012) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.09.012 · Cited by 168
Structural equation modeling
Grace, J. B., Scheiner, S. M., & Schoolmaster, D. R. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199672547.003.0009 · Cited by 160
Mechanisms of Mammalian Otoacoustic Emission and their Implications for the Clinical Utility of Otoacoustic Emissions
Shera, C. A. (2004) · Ear and Hearing · doi:10.1097/01.aud.0000121200.90211.83 · Cited by 160
Environmental sociology and global environmental change: A critical assessment
Buttel, F. H., & Taylor, P. J. (1992) · Society & Natural Resources · doi:10.1080/08941929209380788 · Cited by 157
A Future for Epidemiology?
Schwartz, S., Susser, E., & Susser, M. (1999) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.20.1.15 · Cited by 148
Allometry and resolution of bee eyes (Apoidea)
Jander, U., & Jander, R. (2002) · Arthropod Structure & Development · doi:10.1016/s1467-8039(01)00035-4 · Cited by 147
Evolutionary Psychology: The Burdens of Proof
Lloyd, E. A. (1999) · Biology & Philosophy · doi:10.1023/a:1006638501739 · Cited by 146
The Birth of the Holobiont: Multi-species Birthing Through Mutual Scaffolding and Niche Construction
Chiu, L., & Gilbert, S. F. (2015) · Biosemiotics · doi:10.1007/s12304-015-9232-5 · Cited by 144
Enacting silence: Residual categories as a challenge for ethics, information systems, and communication
Star, S. L., & Bowker, G. C. (2007) · Ethics and Information Technology · doi:10.1007/s10676-007-9141-7 · Cited by 142
Dualismos em duelo
Fausto‐Sterling, A. (2002) · Cadernos Pagu · doi:10.1590/s0104-83332002000100002 · Cited by 141
Metabolic rift or metabolic shift? dialectics, nature, and the world-historical method
Moore, J. W. (2017) · Theory and Society · doi:10.1007/s11186-017-9290-6 · Cited by 141
Historical roots for ecological economics — Biophysical versus allocative approaches
Christensen, P. P. (1989) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/0921-8009(89)90022-0 · Cited by 141
Genetic seeds of warfare: evolution, nationalism, and patriotism
(1989) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.26-5859 · Cited by 141
Complexity, simplicity, and epidemiology
Pearce, N., & Merletti, F. (2006) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyi322 · Cited by 140
Atypical melanocytic nevi of the genital type with a discussion of reciprocal parenchymal-stromal interactions in the biology of neoplasia
Clark, W. H., Hood, A. F., Tucker, M. A., & Jampel, R. M. (1998) · Human Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0046-8177(98)80028-2 · Cited by 140
Cycles of contingency
Theodore, N., & Peck, J. (2004) · Routledge studies in the modern world economy · doi:10.4324/9780203579084.ch2 · Cited by 138
Landscape Ecology: State of the Art
Risser, P. G. (1987) · Ecological studies · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4742-5_1 · Cited by 138
Forty Years of ‘The Strategy’: Levins on Model Building and Idealization
Weisberg, M. (2007) · Biology & Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s10539-006-9051-9 · Cited by 137
Implications for Promoting Physical Literacy
Durden-Myers, E. J., Green, N. R., & Whitehead, M. (2018) · Journal of Teaching in Physical Education · doi:10.1123/jtpe.2018-0131 · Cited by 136
Creating space for interdisciplinary marine and coastal research: five dilemmas and suggested resolutions
Christie, P. J. (2011) · Environmental Conservation · doi:10.1017/s0376892911000129 · Cited by 135
Evolutionary Psychology: Toward a Unifying Theory and a Hybrid Science
Caporael, L. R. (2001) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.607 · Cited by 129
Metabolism, energy, and entropy in Marx's critique of political economy: Beyond the Podolinsky myth
Burkett, P., & Foster, J. B. (2006) · Theory and Society · doi:10.1007/s11186-006-6781-2 · Cited by 129
The Quest for a Universal Theory of Life
Cleland, C. E. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139046893 · Cited by 127
PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY INPOLYGONUM PERSICARIA.III. THE EVOLUTION OF ECOLOGICAL BREADTH FOR NUTRIENT ENVIRONMENT
Sultan, S. E., & Bazzaz, F. A. (1993) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1993.tb02134.x · Cited by 127
A Space of Vulnerability in Poverty and Health: Political-Ecology and Biocultural Analysis
Leatherman, T. (2005) · Ethos · doi:10.1525/eth.2005.33.1.046 · Cited by 126
Teleology then and now: The question of Kant’s relevance for contemporary controversies over function in biology
Zammito, J. H. (2006) · Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.shpsc.2006.09.008 · Cited by 125
Agricultural Science and Sustainable Agriculture: a Review of the Existing Scientific Barriers to Sustainable Food Production and Potential Solutions
MacRae, R. J., Hill, S. B., Henning, J., & Mehuys, G. R. (1989) · Biological Agriculture & Horticulture · doi:10.1080/01448765.1989.9754518 · Cited by 125
Emergence as Non-Aggregativity and the Biases of Reductionisms
Wimsatt, W. C. (2000) · Foundations of Science · doi:10.1023/a:1011342202830 · Cited by 123
Competitive and Facilitative Evolutionary Diversification
Day, T., & Young, K. A. (2004) · BioScience · doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0101:cafed]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 122
Environments and Environmentalisms in Anthropological Research: Facing a New Millennium
Little, P. E. (1999) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.28.1.253 · Cited by 122
O Organism, Where Art Thou? Old and New Challenges for Organism-Centered Biology
Baedke, J. (2018) · Journal of the History of Biology · doi:10.1007/s10739-018-9549-4 · Cited by 121
Ecology, Capital, and the Nature of Our Times: Accumulation & Crisis in the Capitalist World-Ecology
Moore, J. W. (2011) · Journal of World-Systems Research · doi:10.5195/jwsr.2011.432 · Cited by 121

Authors: Simberloff, D., Levins, R., & Lewontin, R.
Venue: The Condor
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 1987-02
Volume: 89
Issue: 1
Pages: 231
ISSN: 0010-5422 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2307/1368785
OpenAlex: W2068599978
Cited by: 1,387
References: 12
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 32
FWCI: 217.85
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Ornithological Applications (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Marxism and Critical Theory
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Twentieth Century Scientific Developments
Keywords: dialectics, evolution, adaptation, organism, analysis of variance, Lysenkoism, applied biology, Latin America, pesticides, human nature, ideology

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The Dialectical Biologist

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks