Occupational Stress and Coping among Portuguese Military Police Officers
Open accessAbstract
This study describes the professional experience of military police officers from the Portuguese Republican National Guard (N = 95). We focused on the main sources and consequences of stress and the coping strategies used to deal with stress. The evaluation protocol included one closed-ended question and four open-ended questions. Data analysis of meaningful text segments was conceptually based and data categorization followed deductive content analysis. Results allowed the identification of 483 meaning units. Factors intrinsic to the job and the relationships at work were the main stressors referred by participants. The consequences of stressors were evident at an individual level, affecting family, psychological, and physical/health domains. The coping strategies used to deal with the main source of stress in the professional career were focused on problem solving (e.g., active confrontation) and emotional regulation (e.g., situation acceptance). Practical implications and future avenues of research with these professionals are discussed.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Regarding stress measurement in Portugal, one study used a global measure of stress, but no studies were found with specific stress measures for policing.
“Regarding stress measurement, one study used a global measure of stress (Gomes and Afonso, 2016), but no studies were found with specific stress measures for policing.”
From Burnout and Stress Measurement in Police Officers: Literature Review and a Study With the Operational Police Stress Questionnaire (2020) · cites this paper as Gomes and Afonso, 2016
Cites
Lincoln, Y. S., Guba, E. G., & Pilotta, J. J. (1985) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/0147-1767(85)90062-8 · Cited by 45,787 · see citing works
Eysenck, H. J. (1985) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(85)90087-7 · Cited by 32,026 · see citing works
Qualitative evaluation and research methods
Ellis, D. J. (1990) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/0268-4012(90)90041-p · Cited by 17,942 · see citing works
Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theory and Methods
Bogdan, R., & Biklen, S. K. (1997) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 14,888 · see citing works
Lazarus, R. S. (1991) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195069945.001.0001 · Cited by 12,691 · see citing works
Job Demands, Job Decision Latitude, and Mental Strain: Implications for Job Redesign
Karasek, R. A. (1979) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2392498 · Cited by 12,597 · see citing works
Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.56.2.267 · Cited by 11,682 · see citing works
(1990) · Cited by 8,425 · see citing works
Weber, R. (1990) · doi:10.4135/9781412983488 · Cited by 7,750 · see citing works
An Analysis of Coping in a Middle-Aged Community Sample
Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1980) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136617 · Cited by 6,361 · see citing works
Dynamics of a stressful encounter: Cognitive appraisal, coping, and encounter outcomes.
Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Dunkel‐Schetter, C., DeLongis, A., & Gruen, R. J. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.50.5.992 · Cited by 4,893 · see citing works
Stress and emotion: a new synthesis
(1999) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.37-1229 · Cited by 3,655 · see citing works
Qualitative research: analysis types and software tools
Tesch, R. (1990) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,243 · see citing works
The Burnout Companion to Study and Practice: A Critical Analysis
Schaufeli, W. B., & Enzmann, D. (2020) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781003062745 · Cited by 2,184 · see citing works
Content Analysis for the Social Sciences and Humanities
Parker, S. R. (1970) · Sociology · doi:10.1177/003803857000400231 · Cited by 2,178 · see citing works
Qualitative research: Analysis types and software tools
Beaudry, J. S. (1991) · Evaluation Practice · doi:10.1016/0886-1633(91)90027-u · Cited by 1,946 · see citing works
Organizational Stress: A Review and Critique of Theory, Research, and Applications
Cooper, C. L., Dewe, P. J., & O’Driscoll, M. P. (2001) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781452231235 · Cited by 1,481 · see citing works
The case for positive emotions in the stress process
Folkman, S. (2007) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800701740457 · Cited by 1,240 · see citing works
Situational coping and coping dispositions in a stressful transaction.
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.66.1.184 · Cited by 968 · see citing works
Content analysis for the social sciences and humanities
Holsti, O. R. (1969) · Cited by 933 · see citing works
Methodological Issues in the Content Analysis of Computer Conference Transcripts
Rourke, L., Anderson, T., Garrison, D. R., & Archer, W. (2000) · AUSpace (Athabasca University) · Cited by 722 · see citing works
The burnout companion to study and practice: a critical analysis
O’Sullivan, S. (2021) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139.2021.1959733 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Coyne, J. C., & Racioppo, M. W. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.55.6.655 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Burnout, job stress and violent behaviour among Dutch police officers
Kop, N., Euwema, M., & Schaufeli, W. B. (1999) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678379950019789 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Schnider, K. R., Elhai, J. D., & Gray, M. J. (2007) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.54.3.344 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Emotions at work : theory, research and applications in management
Payne, R. L., & Cooper, C. L. (2001) · Wiley eBooks · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Unfairness at work as a predictor of absenteeism
de Boer, E. M., Bakker, A. B., Syroit, J., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2002) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.135 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Brough, P. (2004) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/1072-5245.11.3.227 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Stress and Policing: Sources and Strategies
Brown, J. M., & Campbell, E. A. (1994) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Understanding Police Stress Research
Abdollahi, M. K. (2002) · Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice · doi:10.1300/j158v02n02_01 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Cognitive-Motivational-Relational Theory of Emotion
Lazarus, R. S. (2000) · doi:10.5040/9781492596233.ch-002 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Occupational Stressors in Military Service: A Review and Framework
Campbell, D. J., & Nobel, O. B. (2009) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995600903249149 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Coping with Work Stress: A Review and Critique
Dewe, P. J., O’Driscoll, M. P., & Cooper, C. L. (2010) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Police Trauma: Psychological Aftermath of Civilian Combat
Valentino, A. M. (2000) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/pijpsm.2000.23.2.268.1 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Sources and Assessment of Occupational Stress in the Police
Deschamps, F., Paganon‐Badinier, I., Marchand, A.-C., & Merle, C. S. (2003) · Journal of Occupational Health · doi:10.1539/joh.45.358 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Measuring Coping: A Review and Critique
Oakland, S., & Ostell, A. (1996) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872679604900201 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
A model of job stress and physical health: the role of individual differences
Cooper, C. L., Kirkcaldy, B. D., & Brown, J. M. (1994) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90194-5 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Police Trauma: Psychological Aftermath of Civilian Combat
Violanti, J. M., & Paton, D. (1999) · Cited by 86 · see citing works
LeBlanc, V. R., Regehr, C., Jelley, R. B., & Barath, I. (2008) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/1072-5245.15.1.76 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Stress and burnout in Israeli border police.
Malach-Pines, A., & Keinan, G. (2006) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/1072-5245.13.4.519 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Assessment of subjective stress in the municipal police force of the city of Rome
Pancheri, P., Martini, A., Tarsitani, L., Rosati, M. V., Biondi, M., & Tomei, F. (2002) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.936 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Police psychological burnout and trauma.
Alexander, C. (1999) · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Examining the career plateau among police officers
Burke, R. J., & Mikkelsen, A. (2006) · Policing An International Journal · doi:10.1108/13639510610711600 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Conventional Wisdom is Often Misleading: Police Stress Within an Organisational Health Framework
Hart, P. M., & Cotton, P. B. (2003) · doi:10.1201/9780203422809-7 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Positive human functioning in stress situations : an interactive proposal
Gomes, A. R. (2014) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationBurnout, critical incidents and social support in security guards
Vanheule, S., Declercq, F., Meganck, R., & Desmet, M. (2008) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.1177 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Police stress: The hidden foe.
Perrier, D. C., & Toner, R. (1984) · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Female police officers’ work experiences, job satisfaction and psychological well-being
Brough, P. A. (2002) · Psychology of Women Section Review · doi:10.53841/bpspow.2002.4.1.3 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Langan‐Fox, J. (1996) · Stress Medicine · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1700(199610)12:4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
4 of the 53 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Queirós, C., Passos, F., Bártolo, A., Marques, A. J., da Silva, C. F., & Pereira, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00587 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Duran, F., Woodhams, J., & Bishopp, D. (2018) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-018-9275-z · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Protecting Police Officers Against Burnout: Overcoming a Fragmented Research Field
Correia, I. F., Romão, Â., Almeida, A. E., & Ramos, S. (2023) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-023-09584-4 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Aspectos de saúde mental investigados em policiais: uma revisão integrativa
de Sousa, R. C., Barroso, S. M., & Ribeiro, A. C. S. (2022) · Saúde e Sociedade · doi:10.1590/s0104-12902022201008pt · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Judkins, J. L., & Bradley, D. (2017) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-16-00311 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Suicidal Ideation and Mental Health: The Moderating Effect of Coping Strategies in the Police Force
Barona, E. J. G., Guerrero‐Molina, M., Chambel, M. J., Manso, J. M. M., Bueso‐Izquierdo, N., & Barbosa‐Torres, C. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18158149 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Emotional labor, occupational identity and work engagement in Portuguese police officers
Oliveira, S. A. D. S., de Carvalho, C. M. S., Pinto, A., de Moura, R. C., & Santos‐Costa, P. (2023) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2022.2162345 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
A Scoping Review of Stress Measurements and Psychometry in Police Research
Rabbing, L., Bjørkelo, B., Fostervold, K. I., Strømme, H., & Lau, B. (2022) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-022-09498-7 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Emotion Regulation and Coping in Active Military Personnel: A Systematic Review
Kirkham, R., Liu, C., Wulandari, T., Aidman, E., Yücel, M., Wiley, J. F., & Albertella, L. (2025) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.70036 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Emotional labour demands and work engagement in Portuguese police officers
Oliveira, S. A. D. S., Pinto, A., de Carvalho, C. M. S., de Moura, R. C., Santos‐Costa, P., & Gondim, S. M. G. (2022) · Police Practice and Research · doi:10.1080/15614263.2022.2098128 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Gerenciamento do comportamento seguro para manutenção da vida na Estação Antártica Brasileira
Barros-Delben, P., Cruz, R. M., Cardoso, G. D. M., Ariño, D. O., Pereira, G. K., & López, M. (2020) · Revista Psicologia Organizações e Trabalho · doi:10.17652/rpot/2020.1.16926 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Fonseca, P. M. (2022) · Journal of Public Policy & Governance · doi:10.53819/81018102t4107 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Maltseva, T. (2020) · Applied psychology and pedagogy · doi:10.12737/2500-0543-2020-119-140 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Correia, I. F., Carvalho, H., Romão, Â., & Val, S. (2024) · Police Practice and Research · doi:10.1080/15614263.2024.2370018 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Nery, L. M. D. C., Maués, L. M. F., Moreira, F. D. S., & Heineck, L. F. M. (2025) · Saúde em Debate · doi:10.1590/2358-289820251449213i · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Coping strategies and perceived stress in Russian army conscripts
Ulyanova, N., Правдина, Л. Р., & Maximets, S. (2020) · E3S Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202021020010 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hey Stress, I Stress to De-Stress Me from Distress: A Study on Indian Police Constables
Vijayadurai, J., & Subburaj, A. (2017) · GATR Journal of Management and Marketing Review · doi:10.35609/jmmr.2017.2.3(24
Expanding Behavioral and Occupational Health Research in Military Police
Horan, K. A., Schlenk, M., Collette, T., Channer, B., Sánchez‐Cardona, I., & Moore, B. A. (2023) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usad312
Rostami, A., & Hansson, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1778017
- Authors
- Gomes, A. R., & Afonso, J. M. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Minho (PT)
- ORCID
- Gomes, A. R., A. Rui
- Venue
- Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana
- Published
- 2016-01-15
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 47-65
- ISSN
- 1794-4724 (ISSN-L)
- 2145-4515
- OpenAlex
- W2196400121
- Cited by
- 19
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 4 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 1.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Desafíos (Universidad del Rosario) (publishedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Burnout
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Student Stress and Coping
- Keywords
- occupational stress, coping, military police officers, police officers, Portuguese police
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review