Basic content analysis
Abstract
Introduction Content Classification and Interpretation Techniques of Content Analysis Issues in Content Analysis
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The reliability of the content analysis was ensured by initially analyzing a 20% subset of textbook pages to check categorization appropriateness and by cross-checking overall findings after a few weeks for inter-coder reliability.
“To ensure the reliability of the content analysis, we followed two strategies. First, a small subset of textbook pages (20%) was initially analyzed to check the appropriateness of categorization as suggested by Weber [69] and Cohen [67]. Second, following Milne and Adler [100], overall findings were cross-checked after a few weeks of the primary content analysis to ensure inter-coder reliability.”
From Gender stereotypes and education: A comparative content analysis of Malaysian, Indonesian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi school textbooks (2018) · cites this paper as Weber [69]
Seemingly simple study results are a sign of incomplete analysis.
“Seemingly simple study results are a sign of incomplete analysis (Weber 1990).”
From The qualitative content analysis process (2008) · cites this paper as Weber 1990
The internal validity of content analysis can be assessed as face validity or by using agreement coefficients.
“The internal validity of content analysis can be assessed as face validity or by using agreement coefficients (Weber 1990).”
From The qualitative content analysis process (2008) · cites this paper as Weber 1990
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Three Approaches to Qualitative Content Analysis
Hsieh, H.-F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732305276687 · Cited by 44,601 · see citing works
The qualitative content analysis process
Elo, S., & Kyngäs, H. (2008) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x · Cited by 22,617 · see citing works
Graneheim, U. H., & Lundman, B. (2004) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2003.10.001 · Cited by 20,772 · see citing works
Qualitative Content Analysis: A Focus on Trustworthiness
Elo, S., Kääriäinen, M., Kanste, O., Pölkki, T., Utriainen, K., & Kyngäs, H. (2014) · Sage Open · doi:10.1177/2158244014522633 · Cited by 4,395 · see citing works
Text as Data: The Promise and Pitfalls of Automatic Content Analysis Methods for Political Texts
Grimmer, J., & Stewart, B. M. (2013) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1093/pan/mps028 · Cited by 3,297 · see citing works
Campbell, J. L., Quincy, C., Osserman, J., & Pedersen, O. K. (2013) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124113500475 · Cited by 2,974 · see citing works
An overview of content analysis
Stemler, S. (2020) · ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst) · doi:10.7275/z6fm-2e34 · Cited by 2,866 · see citing works
Psychological Aspects of Natural Language Use: Our Words, Our Selves
Pennebaker, J. W., Mehl, M. R., & Niederhoffer, K. G. (2003) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145041 · Cited by 2,624 · see citing works
A taxonomy of behavior change techniques used in interventions
Abraham, C., & Michie, S. (2008) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.3.379 · Cited by 2,525 · see citing works
Customer Switching Behavior in Service Industries: An Exploratory Study
Keaveney, S. M. (1995) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.2307/1252074 · Cited by 2,905 · see citing works
INSTITUTIONAL EVOLUTION AND CHANGE: ENVIRONMENTALISM AND THE U.S. CHEMICAL INDUSTRY.
Hoffman, A. J. (1999) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/257008 · Cited by 2,406 · see citing works
Qualitative Content Analysis: Theoretical Background and Procedures
Mayring, P. (2014) · Advances in mathematics education · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9181-6_13 · Cited by 2,349 · see citing works
Some determinants of social and environmental disclosures in New Zealand companies
Hackston, D., & Milne, M. J. (1996) · Accounting Auditing & Accountability Journal · doi:10.1108/09513579610109987 · Cited by 2,166 · see citing works
The impact of culture and governance on corporate social reporting
Haniffa, R., & Cooke, T. E. (2005) · Journal of Accounting and Public Policy · doi:10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2005.06.001 · Cited by 2,032 · see citing works
Work and family research in IO/OB: Content analysis and review of the literature (1980–2002)
Eby, L. T. D. T., Casper, W. J., Lockwood, A. L., Bordeaux, C., & Brinley, A. (2004) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2003.11.003 · Cited by 2,031 · see citing works
ASSESSING TEACHING PRESENCE IN A COMPUTER CONFERENCING CONTEXT
Anderson, T., Rourke, L., Garrison, R., & Archer, W. (2001) · Online Learning · doi:10.24059/olj.v5i2.1875 · Cited by 1,885 · see citing works
Quantifying Qualitative Analyses of Verbal Data: A Practical Guide
Michelene, T. H. (1997) · Journal of the Learning Sciences · doi:10.1207/s15327809jls0603_1 · Cited by 1,765 · see citing works
Deephouse, D. L. (2000) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/014920630002600602 · Cited by 1,691 · see citing works
Deephouse, D. L. (1996) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256722 · Cited by 1,685 · see citing works
Structural Equation Modeling in Information Systems Research Using Partial Least Squares
Urbach, N., & Ahlemann, F. (2010) · The Journal of Information Technology Theory and Application · Cited by 1,659 · see citing works
Duriau, V. J., Reger, R. K., & Pfarrer, M. D. (2007) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428106289252 · Cited by 1,558 · see citing works
Kolbe, R. H., & Burnett, M. S. (1991) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/209256 · Cited by 1,516 · see citing works
Singh, V., & Thurman, A. C. (2019) · American Journal of Distance Education · doi:10.1080/08923647.2019.1663082 · Cited by 1,426 · see citing works
An examination of the corporate social and environmental disclosures of BHP from 1983‐1997
Deegan, C. M., Rankin, M., & Tobin, J. (2002) · Accounting Auditing & Accountability Journal · doi:10.1108/09513570210435861 · Cited by 1,412 · see citing works
Henriques, I., & Sadorsky, P. (1999) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/256876 · Cited by 1,333 · see citing works
Stakeholder influences on sustainability practices in the Canadian forest products industry
Sharma, S., & Henriques, I. (2004) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.439 · Cited by 1,328 · see citing works
An Examination of Differences Between Organizational Legitimacy and Organizational Reputation*
Deephouse, D. L., & Carter, S. M. (2005) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2005.00499.x · Cited by 1,309 · see citing works
Supply chain resilience in the global financial crisis: an empirical study
Jüttner, U., & Maklan, S. (2011) · Supply Chain Management An International Journal · doi:10.1108/13598541111139062 · Cited by 1,216 · see citing works
Evaluation of unsupervised semantic mapping of natural language with Leximancer concept mapping
Smith, A. E., & Humphreys, M. S. (2006) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/bf03192778 · Cited by 1,206 · see citing works
Bhattacherjee, A., & Premkumar, G. (2004) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/25148634 · Cited by 1,764 · see citing works
Stakeholder Theory: Reviewing a Theory That Moves Us
Laplume, A. O., Sonpar, K., & Litz, R. A. (2008) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206308324322 · Cited by 1,190 · see citing works
Cho, J. Y., & Lee, E. (2014) · The Qualitative Report · doi:10.46743/2160-3715/2014.1028 · Cited by 1,164 · see citing works
Paradox research in management science: Looking back to move forward
Schad, J., Lewis, M. W., Raisch, S., & Smith, W. K. (2016) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/19416520.2016.1162422 · Cited by 1,385 · see citing works
The Critical Incident Technique in Service Research
Gremler, D. D. (2004) · Journal of Service Research · doi:10.1177/1094670504266138 · Cited by 1,078 · see citing works
Kleinheksel, A. J., Rockich-Winston, N., Tawfik, H., & Wyatt, T. R. (2020) · American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education · doi:10.5688/ajpe7113 · Cited by 1,054 · see citing works
Getting the Focus and the Group: Enhancing Analytical Rigor in Focus Group Research
Kidd, P. S., & Parshall, M. B. (2000) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/104973200129118453 · Cited by 1,004 · see citing works
Analyzing brain networks with PCA and conditional Granger causality
Zhou, Z., Chen, Y., Ding, M., Wright, P. K., Lu, Z., & Liu, Y. (2008) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20661 · Cited by 978 · see citing works
Towards a new taxonomy of circular economy business models
Urbinati, A., Chiaroni, D., & Chiesa, V. (2017) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.047 · Cited by 979 · see citing works
Social media as a destination marketing tool: its use by national tourism organisations
Hays, S., Page, S. J., & Buhalis, D. (2012) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2012.662215 · Cited by 1,009 · see citing works
Developing a unified definition of digital transformation
Gong, C., & Ribière, V. (2020) · Technovation · doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2020.102217 · Cited by 1,117 · see citing works
One Road to Turnover: An Examination of Work Exhaustion in Technology Professionals1
Moore, J. E. (2000) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3250982 · Cited by 954 · see citing works
Pavlou, P. A., & Dimoka, A. (2006) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.1060.0106 · Cited by 930 · see citing works
Developing a unified framework of the business model concept
Al-Debei, M. M., & Avison, D. (2010) · European Journal of Information Systems · doi:10.1057/ejis.2010.21 · Cited by 879 · see citing works
Smith, A. K., & Bolton, R. N. (2002) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1177/03079450094298 · Cited by 867 · see citing works
An examination of corporate reporting, environmental management practices and firm performance
Montabon, F. L., Sroufe, R. P., & Narasimhan, R. (2006) · Journal of Operations Management · doi:10.1016/j.jom.2006.10.003 · Cited by 847 · see citing works
Facebook and Online Privacy: Attitudes, Behaviors, and Unintended Consequences
Debatin, B., Lovejoy, J. P., Horn, A.-K., & Hughes, B. N. (2009) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01494.x · Cited by 1,271 · see citing works
Reliability in Coding Open-Ended Data: Lessons Learned from HIV Behavioral Research
Hruschka, D. J., Schwartz, D., St.John, D. C., Picone-Decaro, E., Jenkins, R. A., & Carey, J. W. (2004) · Field Methods · doi:10.1177/1525822x04266540 · Cited by 829 · see citing works
The Symbolic Management of Stockholders: Corporate Governance Reforms and Shareholder Reactions
Westphal, J. D., & Zajac, E. J. (1998) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2393593 · Cited by 806 · see citing works
Media legitimacy and corporate environmental communication
Aerts, W., & Cormier, D. (2008) · Accounting Organizations and Society · doi:10.1016/j.aos.2008.02.005 · Cited by 799 · see citing works
The Role of Smartphones in Mediating the Touristic Experience
Wang, D., Park, S., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (2011) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/0047287511426341 · Cited by 795 · see citing works
E‐mail interviewing in qualitative research: A methodological discussion
Meho, L. I. (2006) · Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.20416 · Cited by 751 · see citing works
Inductive content analysis: A guide for beginning qualitative researchers
Vears, D. F., & Gillam, L. (2022) · Focus on Health Professional Education: A Multi-Professional Journal · doi:10.11157/fohpe.v23i1.544 · Cited by 741 · see citing works
Concept Mapping as an Alternative Approach for the Analysis of Open-Ended Survey Responses
Jackson, K. M., & Trochim, W. M. K. (2002) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/109442802237114 · Cited by 740 · see citing works
Said, R. H., Zainuddin, Y., & Haron, H. B. (2009) · Social Responsibility Journal · doi:10.1108/17471110910964496 · Cited by 729 · see citing works
Exploring the Ethical Identity of Islamic Banks via Communication in Annual Reports
Haniffa, R., & Hudaib, M. (2007) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-006-9272-5 · Cited by 723 · see citing works
Are more resources always better for growth? Resource stickiness in market and product expansion
Mishina, Y., Pollock, T. G., & Porac, J. F. (2004) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.424 · Cited by 716 · see citing works
Gaur, A. S., & Kumar, M. (2017) · Journal of World Business · doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2017.11.003 · Cited by 648 · see citing works
We Ask Men to Win and Women Not to Lose: Closing the Gender Gap in Startup Funding
Kanze, D., Huang, L., Conley, M. A., & Higgins, E. (2017) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2016.1215 · Cited by 578 · see citing works
Tharenou, P., Donohue, R., & Cooper, B. K. (2007) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511810527 · Cited by 687 · see citing works
How to analyze political attention with minimal assumptions and costs
Quinn, K. M., Monroe, B. L., Colaresi, M., Crespin, M. H., & Radev, D. R. (2010) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2009.00427.x · Cited by 671 · see citing works
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY REPORTS: A THEMATIC ANALYSIS RELATED TO SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT
Tate, W. L., Ellram, L. M., & Kirchoff, J. F. (2009) · Journal of Supply Chain Management · doi:10.1111/j.1745-493x.2009.03184.x · Cited by 684 · see citing works
Platonova, E., Asutay, M., Dixon, R., & Mohammad, S. (2016) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-016-3229-0 · Cited by 666 · see citing works
The Business Model in Practice and its Implications for Entrepreneurship Research
George, G., & Bock, A. J. (2011) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00424.x · Cited by 983 · see citing works
Guidelines for Conducting Mixed-methods Research: An Extension and Illustration
Venkatesh, V., Brown, S. A., & Sullivan, Y. W. (2016) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1jais.00433 · Cited by 642 · see citing works
Wansink, B. C., & Sobal, J. (2006) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916506295573 · Cited by 631 · see citing works
Topic Modeling in Management Research: Rendering New Theory from Textual Data
Hannigan, T. R., Haans, R. F. J., Vakili, K., Tchalian, H., Glaser, V., Wang, M. S., Kaplan, S., & Jennings, P. D. (2019) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/annals.2017.0099 · Cited by 625 · see citing works
The key determinants of Internet banking service quality: a content analysis
Jun, M., & Cai, S. (2001) · International Journal of Bank Marketing · doi:10.1108/02652320110409825 · Cited by 631 · see citing works
The Supply of Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosures Among U.S. Firms
Holder‐Webb, L., Cohen, J. R., Nath, L., & Wood, D. (2008) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-008-9721-4 · Cited by 612 · see citing works
Formal Mentoring Programs in Education and Other Professions: A Review of the Literature
Ehrich, L. C., Hansford, B., & Tennent, L. (2004) · Educational Administration Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0013161x04267118 · Cited by 610 · see citing works
Stakeholder management studies in mega construction projects: A review and future directions
Mok, K. Y., Shen, Q., & Yang, J. (2014) · International Journal of Project Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2014.08.007 · Cited by 600 · see citing works
Short, J. C., Broberg, J. C., Cogliser, C. C., & Brigham, K. H. (2010) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428109335949 · Cited by 644 · see citing works
Pavlou, P. A., & Gefen, D. (2005) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.1050.0065 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
More Than an Answer: Information Relationships for Actionable Knowledge
Cross, R., & Sproull, L. S. (2004) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.1040.0075 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
Network Evolution: The Origins of Structural Holes
Zaheer, A., & Soda, G. (2009) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2189/asqu.2009.54.1.1 · Cited by 558 · see citing works
Travel Blogs and the Implications for Destination Marketing
Pan, B., MacLaurin, T., & Crotts, J. C. (2007) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/0047287507302378 · Cited by 798 · see citing works
Singer, J. B. (2005) · Journalism · doi:10.1177/1464884905051009 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Product services: from a service supporting the product to a service supporting the client
Mathieu, V. (2001) · Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing · doi:10.1108/08858620110364873 · Cited by 534 · see citing works
Olympic medallists’ perspective of the althlete–coach relationship
Jowett, S., & Cockerill, I. M. (2002) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/s1469-0292(02)00011-0 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
Stepchenkova, S. O., & Zhan, F. (2012) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2012.08.006 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Measuring Populism: Comparing Two Methods of Content Analysis
Rooduijn, M., & Pauwels, T. (2011) · West European Politics · doi:10.1080/01402382.2011.616665 · Cited by 521 · see citing works
An integrated big data analytics-enabled transformation model: application to health care
Wang, Y., Kung, L., Wang, W. Y. C., & Cegielski, C. G. (2018) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2017.04.001 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
Anand, N., Gardner, H. K., & Morris, T. (2007) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2007.24634457 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Research Methods in Accounting
SMITH, M. C. (2003) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781849209809 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
Collecting and analyzing qualitative data for system dynamics: methods and models
Luna‐Reyes, L. F., & Andersen, D. L. (2003) · System Dynamics Review · doi:10.1002/sdr.280 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
Content analysis of social, environmental reporting: what is new?
Guthrie, J., & Abeysekera, I. (2006) · Journal of Human Resource Costing & Accounting · doi:10.1108/14013380610703120 · Cited by 505 · see citing works
Lifting the lid on the use of content analysis to investigate intellectual capital disclosures
BEATTIE, V. A., & Thomson, S. J. (2007) · Accounting Forum · doi:10.1016/j.accfor.2007.02.001 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Sustainable supply chain management in the fast fashion industry: An analysis of corporate reports
Türker, D., & Altuntaş, C. (2014) · European Management Journal · doi:10.1016/j.emj.2014.02.001 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Weigel, F. K., & Hazen, B. T. (2013) · Advances in healthcare information systems and administration book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-4619-3.ch008 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
Trust and Collaboration in the Aftermath of Conflict: The Effects of Contract Structure
Malhotra, D. K., & Lumineau, F. (2011) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2009.0683 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Accounting for the Explanations of CEO Compensation: Substance and Symbolism
Zajac, E. J., & Westphal, J. D. (1995) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2393639 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Word‐of‐mouth communication in the service marketplace
Mangold, W. G., Miller, F. L., & Brockway, G. R. (1999) · Journal of Services Marketing · doi:10.1108/08876049910256186 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Financial reporting of good news and bad news: evidence from accounting narratives
Clatworthy, M. A., & Jones, M. J. (2003) · Accounting and Business Research · doi:10.1080/00014788.2003.9729645 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
A methodology for construct development in MIS research
Lewis, B. R., Templeton, G. F., & Byrd, T. A. (2005) · European Journal of Information Systems · doi:10.1057/palgrave.ejis.3000552 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
Corporate social responsibility and tax aggressiveness: a test of legitimacy theory
Lanis, R., & Richardson, G. (2012) · Accounting Auditing & Accountability Journal · doi:10.1108/09513571311285621 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
An Examination of the Role of Beneficial Image in Tourist Destination Selection
Tapachai, N., & Waryszak, R. (2000) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/004728750003900105 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
The chairman’s statement ‐ A content analysis of discretionary narrative disclosures
SMITH, M. C., & Taffler, R. (2000) · Accounting Auditing & Accountability Journal · doi:10.1108/09513570010353738 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Qualitative analysis of stroke patients' motivation for rehabilitation
Maclean, N. (2000) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7268.1051 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Environmental disclosures and public policy pressure
Walden, W. D., & Schwartz, B. N. (1997) · Journal of Accounting and Public Policy · doi:10.1016/s0278-4254(96)00015-4 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
Moretti, F., van Vliet, L., Bensing, J. M., Deledda, G., Mazzi, M. A., Rimondini, M., Zimmermann, C., & Fletcher, I. J. (2011) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2011.01.005 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Cormier, D., & MAGNAN, M. L. (2013) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.1829 · Cited by 442 · see citing works
- Authors
- Weber, R.
- Corresponding author
- Weber, Robert
- Venue
- Sage eBooks
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications, Inc.
- Published
- 1990
- OpenAlex
- W2016364797
- Cited by
- 7,750
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 123 · 2025: 244 · 2024: 326 · 2023: 353 · 2022: 364 · 2021: 368 · 2020: 380 · 2019: 388 · 2018: 361 · 2017: 395 · 2016: 362 · 2015: 407 · 2014: 409 · 2013: 413 · 2012: 352
- FWCI
- 23.81
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Sage eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › General Social Sciences › Computational and Text Analysis Methods
- Social Sciences › Education › Qualitative Research Methods and Applications
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Research and Analysis
- Keywords
- content analysis, content classification, interpretation methods
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review