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Childhood Lead Poisoning: Conservative Estimates of the Social and Economic Benefits of Lead Hazard Control
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BACKGROUND: This study is a cost-benefit analysis that quantifies the social and economic benefits to household lead paint hazard control compared with the investments needed to minimize exposure to these hazards. OBJECTIVES: This research updates estimates of elevated blood lead levels among a cohort of children < or = 6 years of age and compiles recent research to determine a range of the costs of lead paint hazard control ($1-$11 billion) and the benefits of reduction attributed to each cohort for health care ($11-$53 billion), lifetime earnings ($165-$233 billion), tax revenue ($25-$35 billion), special education ($30-$146 million), attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder ($267 million), and the direct costs of crime ($1.7 billion). RESULTS: Each dollar invested in lead paint hazard control results in a return of $17-$221 or a net savings of $181-269 billion. CONCLUSIONS: There are substantial returns to investing in lead hazard control, particularly targeted at early intervention in communities most likely at risk. Given the high societal costs of inaction, lead hazard control appears to be well worth the price.
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“The ROIs ranged from –21.27 (influenza vaccination of healthy workers7) to 221 (lead paint control8).”
From Return on investment of public health interventions: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [8]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Gould, E.
- Affiliations
- Economic Policy Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gould, Elise
- Venue
- Environmental Health Perspectives
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2009-03-31
- Volume
- 117
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1162-1167
- ISSN
- 0091-6765 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-9924
- PMC
- PMC2717145
- OpenAlex
- W2002135203
- Cited by
- 319
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 9.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor, 3195 d)
- Locations
- Environmental Health Perspectives (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Environmental Justice and Health Disparities
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Heavy metals in environment
- Keywords
- childhood lead poisoning, cost-benefit analysis, blood lead levels, special education costs, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, crime costs, lifetime earnings, tax revenue, early intervention, lead exposure
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child, Preschool, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Female, Humans, Lead, Lead Poisoning, Male, Paint, Health Care Costs
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