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Cited by 321Heavy Metal Exposure and ToxicityEnvironmental Justice and Health DisparitiesHeavy metals in environment

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Childhood Lead Poisoning: Conservative Estimates of the Social and Economic Benefits of Lead Hazard Control

Open access
Gould, Elise·2009·Environmental Health Perspectives
DOI 10.1289/ehp.0800408PMC PMC2717145
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: This study is a cost-benefit analysis that quantifies the social and economic benefits to household lead paint hazard control compared with the investments needed to minimize exposure to these hazards. OBJECTIVES: This research updates estimates of elevated blood lead levels among a cohort of children < or = 6 years of age and compiles recent research to determine a range of the costs of lead paint hazard control ($1-$11 billion) and the benefits of reduction attributed to each cohort for health care ($11-$53 billion), lifetime earnings ($165-$233 billion), tax revenue ($25-$35 billion), special education ($30-$146 million), attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder ($267 million), and the direct costs of crime ($1.7 billion). RESULTS: Each dollar invested in lead paint hazard control results in a return of $17-$221 or a net savings of $181-269 billion. CONCLUSIONS: There are substantial returns to investing in lead hazard control, particularly targeted at early intervention in communities most likely at risk. Given the high societal costs of inaction, lead hazard control appears to be well worth the price.

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Research works printed but not linked: 8

  1. Brown, 2007, Interpreting and managing blood lead levels < 10 μg/dL in children and reducing childhood exposures to lead, MMWR Recomm Rep, 56, 1
  2. CDC, 2004, Preventing Lead Exposure in Young Children: A Housing-Based Approach to Primary Prevention of Lead Poisoning
  3. Federal Bureau of Investigation, Uniform Crime Reporting Program, 2006, Crime in the United States
  4. NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey), 2003–2006, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health Statistics
  5. President’s Task Force on Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks to Children, 2000, Eliminating Childhood Lead Poisoning: A Federal Strategy Targeting Lead Paint Hazards (Report and Appendix)
  6. Reyes, 2002, The Impact of Lead Exposure on Crime and Health: and an Analysis of the Market for Physicians [PhD thesis]
  7. U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics, Department of Justice, 2004, Cost of Crime
  8. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 2002, National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing Volume I: Analysis of Lead Hazards

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Metadata

Authors
Gould, E.
Affiliations
Economic Policy Institute (US)
Corresponding author
Gould, Elise
Venue
Environmental Health Perspectives
Publisher
American Chemical Society (ACS)
Published
2009-03-31
Volume
117
Issue
7
Pages
1162-1167
ISSN
  • 0091-6765 (ISSN-L)
  • 1552-9924
DOI
10.1289/ehp.0800408
PMC
PMC2717145
OpenAlex
W2002135203
Cited by
319
References
45
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 11
FWCI
9.23
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Environmental Health Perspectives (publishedVersion, public-domain)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Environmental Justice and Health Disparities
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Heavy metals in environment
Keywords
childhood lead poisoning, cost-benefit analysis, blood lead levels, special education costs, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, crime costs, lifetime earnings, tax revenue, early intervention, lead exposure
MeSH terms
Child, Child, Preschool, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Female, Humans, Lead, Lead Poisoning, Male, Paint, Health Care Costs

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