Cited by 321Heavy Metal Exposure and ToxicityEnvironmental Justice and Health DisparitiesHeavy metals in environment

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Childhood Lead Poisoning: Conservative Estimates of the Social and Economic Benefits of Lead Hazard Control

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Gould, Elise·2009·Environmental Health Perspectives

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: This study is a cost-benefit analysis that quantifies the social and economic benefits to household lead paint hazard control compared with the investments needed to minimize exposure to these hazards. OBJECTIVES: This research updates estimates of elevated blood lead levels among a cohort of children < or = 6 years of age and compiles recent research to determine a range of the costs of lead paint hazard control ($1-$11 billion) and the benefits of reduction attributed to each cohort for health care ($11-$53 billion), lifetime earnings ($165-$233 billion), tax revenue ($25-$35 billion), special education ($30-$146 million), attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder ($267 million), and the direct costs of crime ($1.7 billion). RESULTS: Each dollar invested in lead paint hazard control results in a return of $17-$221 or a net savings of $181-269 billion. CONCLUSIONS: There are substantial returns to investing in lead hazard control, particularly targeted at early intervention in communities most likely at risk. Given the high societal costs of inaction, lead hazard control appears to be well worth the price.

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Authors: Gould, E.
Affiliations: Economic Policy Institute (US)
Corresponding author: Gould, Elise
Venue: Environmental Health Perspectives
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Published: 2009-03-31
Volume: 117
Issue: 7
Pages: 1162-1167
ISSN: 0091-6765 (ISSN-L)
1552-9924
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0800408
PMC: PMC2717145
OpenAlex: W2002135203
Cited by: 319
References: 45
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 9.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: public-domain
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor, 3195 d)
Locations: Environmental Health Perspectives (publishedVersion, public-domain)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Environmental Justice and Health Disparities
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Heavy metals in environment
Keywords: childhood lead poisoning, cost-benefit analysis, blood lead levels, special education costs, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, crime costs, lifetime earnings, tax revenue, early intervention, lead exposure
MeSH terms: Child, Child, Preschool, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Female, Humans, Lead, Lead Poisoning, Male, Paint, Health Care Costs

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Childhood Lead Poisoning: Conservative Estimates of the Social and Economic Benefits of Lead Hazard Control

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