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Phthalate Diesters and Their Metabolites in Human Breast Milk, Blood or Serum, and Urine as Biomarkers of Exposure in Vulnerable Populations
Open accessAbstract
Background: Phthalates may pose a risk for perinatal developmental effects. An important question relates to the choice of suitable biological matrices for assessing exposure during this period. Objectives: This study was designed to measure the concentrations of phthalate diesters or their metabolites in breast milk, blood or serum, and urine and to evaluate their suitability for assessing perinatal exposure to phthalates. Methods: In 2001, 2–3 weeks after delivery, 42 Swedish primipara provided breast milk, blood, and urine samples at home. Special care was taken to minimize contamination with phthalates (e.g., use of a special breast milk pump, heat treatment of glassware and needles, addition of phosphoric acid). Results: Phthalate diesters and metabolites in milk and blood or serum, if detected, were present at concentrations close to the limit of detection. By contrast, most phthalate metabolites were detectable in urine at concentrations comparable to those from the general population in the United States and in Germany. No correlations existed between urine concentrations and those found in milk or blood/serum for single phthalate metabolites. Our data are at odds with a previous study documenting frequent detection and comparatively high concentrations of phthalate metabolites in Finnish and Danish mothers’ milk. Conclusions: Concentrations of phthalate metabolites in urine are more informative than those in milk or serum. Furthermore, collection of milk or blood may be associated with discomfort and potential technical problems such as contamination (unless oxidative metabolites are measured). Although urine is a suitable matrix for health-related phthalate monitoring, urinary concentrations in nursing mothers cannot be used to estimate exposure to phthalates through milk ingestion by breast-fed infants.
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“urinary concentrations of mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), mono-isobutyl phthalate (MIBP), mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) were 20–100 times those in blood or milk [24].”
From A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures (2019) · cites this paper as [24]
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“MBP, MEHP, MEP, and MiBP were detected in blood serum at median concentrations of 0.54 0.49, 0.50, and 0.5 µg/L, respectively [24]”
From A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures (2019) · cites this paper as [24]
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“Median concentrations of MBP, MBzP, and MEHP in breast milk were 0.54, 0.50, and 0.49 µg/L, respectively [24].”
From A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures (2019) · cites this paper as [24]
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“and these concentrations were at least an order of magnitude lower than those measured in urine.”
From A Review of Biomonitoring of Phthalate Exposures (2019) · cites this paper as [24]
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Citations
Cites
Decrease in anogenital distance among male infants with prenatal phthalate exposure
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Self-citationHuman exposure to phthalates via consumer products
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Cited by
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Items 401–408 of 408
Effects of phthalate metabolite mixture exposure on mouse oocyte development
Dong, J., Patel, V., Wang, S., ALAM, M. H., Yang, W., Roy, A., Wang, L., Flaws, J. A., & Qiao, H. (2026) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2026.110332
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Developmental neurotoxicity of short-chain phthalates in human neurospheres
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Role of packaging in contaminant migration in beverages
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Niacin alleviates dibutyl phthalate-induced impairment of porcine oocyte quality
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Park, H.-W., Lee, D., & Park, B. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1929257
Comments/clarifications to the publication by Runkel et al., 2026
Otter, R., Langsch, A., & Harmon, P. (2026) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2026.120930
Metadata
- Authors
- Högberg, J., Hanberg, A., Berglund, M., Skerfving, S., Remberger, M., Calafat, A. M., Filipsson, A. F., Jansson, B., Johansson, N., Appelgren, M., & Håkansson, H.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Skåne University Hospital (SE)
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute (SE)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Stockholm University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Högberg, Johan
- ORCID
- Venue
- Environmental Health Perspectives
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2007-12-21
- Volume
- 116
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 334-339
- ISSN
- 0091-6765 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-9924
- PMC
- PMC2265037
- OpenAlex
- W2023955385
- Cited by
- 413
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 7.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor, 3661 d)
- Locations
- Environmental Health Perspectives (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity
- Keywords
- phthalate diesters, phthalate metabolites, breast milk, urine, biomarkers of exposure, perinatal exposure, primiparous women, sample contamination, oxidative metabolites, breastfeeding, infant exposure, biological matrices
- MeSH terms
- Esters, Feasibility Studies, Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Milk, Human, Phthalic Acids, Biomarkers, Maternal Exposure
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