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Cited by 1,025Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicalsToxic Organic Pollutants ImpactPolymer Science and PVC

What are the sources of exposure to eight frequently used phthalic acid esters in Europeans?

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Wormuth, Matthias, Scheringer, Martin, Vollenweider, Meret, Hungerbühler, Konrad·2006·Risk Analysis
DOI 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00770.x
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Abstract

Phthalic acid esters (phthalates) are used as plasticizers in numerous consumer products, commodities, and building materials. Consequently, phthalates are found in human residential and occupational environments in high concentrations, both in air and in dust. Phthalates are also ubiquitous food and environmental contaminants. An increasing number of studies sampling human urine reveal the ubiquitous phthalate exposure of consumers in industrialized countries. At the same time, recent toxicological studies have demonstrated the potential of the most important phthalates to disturb the human hormonal system and human sexual development and reproduction. Additionally, phthalates are suspected to trigger asthma and dermal diseases in children. To find the important sources of phthalates in Europeans, a scenario‐based approach is applied here. Scenarios representing realistic exposure situations are generated to calculate the age‐specific range in daily consumer exposure to eight phthalates. The scenarios demonstrate that exposure of infant and adult consumers is caused by different sources in many cases. Infant consumers experience significantly higher daily exposure to phthalates in relation to their body weight than older consumers. The use of consumer products and different indoor sources dominate the exposure to dimethyl, diethyl, benzylbutyl, diisononyl, and diisodecyl phthalates, whereas food has a major influence on the exposure to diisobutyl, dibutyl, and di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalates. The scenario‐based approach chosen in the present study provides a link between the knowledge on emission sources of phthalates and the concentrations of phthalate metabolites found in human urine.

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  • Phthalates are a large group of synthetic chemicals derived from petrochemical by-products, mainly used as plasticizers, especially in PVC.

    “Phthalates are a large group of synthetic chemicals derived from petrochemical by-products and are mainly used as plasticizers in industry to modify the physical properties of plastics, especially polyvinyl chloride (PVC) (Wormuth et al., 2006).”

    From Environmental endocrine disruptors at the synapse: mechanisms linking chemical exposure to cognitive and behavioral dysfunction (2026) · cites this paper as Wormuth et al., 2006

    The Introduction says phthalates are plasticizers used in large quantities in soft PVC and other plastics. It does not say they are derived from petrochemical by-products or establish that PVC is their principal use. The cited passages provide section labels but no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.87)

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Cited by

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Authors
Wormuth, M., Scheringer, M., Vollenweider, M., & Hungerbühler, K.
Affiliations
ETH Zurich (CH)
Corresponding author
Scheringer, Martin
ORCID
Scheringer, Martin
Venue
Risk Analysis
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2006-06
Volume
26
Issue
3
Pages
803-824
ISSN
  • 0272-4332 (ISSN-L)
  • 1539-6924
DOI
10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00770.x
OpenAlex
W2056618157
Cited by
1,025
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 32 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 72 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 64 · 2019: 63 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 71 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 68 · 2014: 73 · 2013: 70 · 2012: 55
FWCI
17.02
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 20 d)
Locations
  • Risk Analysis (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Bundesamt für Gesundheit
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Polymer Science and PVC
Keywords
phthalates, phthalate exposure, exposure sources, consumer goods, food contamination, plasticizers, DEHP, diisononyl phthalate, diisodecyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate, endocrine disruption, European consumers
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Esters, Europe, Female, Food Contamination, Household Products, Humans, Infant, Male, Phthalic Acids, Occupational Exposure

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