The DOI matches its Crossref record; 66 of the 66 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Environmental Inequality in Exposures to Airborne Particulate Matter Components in the United States
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Growing evidence indicates that toxicity of fine particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) differs by chemical component. Exposure to components may differ by population. OBJECTIVES: We investigated whether exposures to PM2.5 components differ by race/ethnicity, age, and socioeconomic status (SES). METHODS: Long-term exposures (2000 through 2006) were estimated for 215 U.S. census tracts for PM2.5 and for 14 PM2.5 components. Population-weighted exposures were combined to generate overall estimated exposures by race/ethnicity, education, poverty status, employment, age, and earnings. We compared population characteristics for tracts with and without PM2.5 component monitors. RESULTS: Larger disparities in estimated exposures were observed for components than for PM2.5 total mass. For race/ethnicity, whites generally had the lowest exposures. Non-Hispanic blacks had higher exposures than did whites for 13 of the 14 components. Hispanics generally had the highest exposures (e.g., 152% higher than whites for chlorine, 94% higher for aluminum). Young persons (0-19 years of age) had levels as high as or higher than other ages for all exposures except sulfate. Persons with lower SES had higher estimated exposures, with some exceptions. For example, a 10% increase in the proportion unemployed was associated with a 20.0% increase in vanadium and an 18.3% increase in elemental carbon. Census tracts with monitors had more non-Hispanic blacks, lower education and earnings, and higher unemployment and poverty than did tracts without monitors. CONCLUSIONS: Exposures to PM2.5 components differed by race/ethnicity, age, and SES. If some components are more toxic than others, certain populations are likely to suffer higher health burdens. Demographics differed between populations covered and not covered by monitors.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Health Effects of Fine Particulate Air Pollution: Lines that Connect
Pope, C. A., & Dockery, D. W. (2006) · Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association · doi:10.1080/10473289.2006.10464485 · Cited by 6,583
Mohai, P., Pellow, D., & Roberts, J. T. (2009) · Annual Review of Environment and Resources · doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-082508-094348 · Cited by 1,448
Singh-Manoux, A., Adler, N. E., & Marmot, M. G. (2003) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00131-4 · Cited by 1,010
Environmental Health Disparities: A Framework Integrating Psychosocial and Environmental Concepts
Gee, G. C., & Payne-Sturges, D. C. (2004) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.7074 · Cited by 821
Health, wealth, and air pollution: advancing theory and methods.
O'Neill, M. S., Jerrett, M., Kawachi, I., Levy, J. I., Cohen, A. J., Gouveia, N., Wilkinson, P., Fletcher, T., Cifuentes, L., Schwartz, J., et al. (2003) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.6334 · Cited by 745
Bell, M. L., Dominici, F., Ebisu, K., Zeger, S. L., & Samet, J. M. (2007) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.9621 · Cited by 679
Self-citationA Growing Role for Gender Analysis in Air Pollution Epidemiology
Clougherty, J. E. (2010) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.0900994 · Cited by 606
Peng, R. D., Bell, M. L., Geyh, A. S., McDermott, A., Zeger, S. L., Samet, J. M., & Dominici, F. (2009) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.0800185 · Cited by 560
Self-citationEstimating the National Public Health Burden Associated with Exposure to Ambient PM2.5 and Ozone
Fann, N., Lamson, A. D., Anenberg, S. C., Wesson, K., Risley, D., & Hubbell, B. J. (2012) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01630.x · Cited by 555
Hospital Admissions and Chemical Composition of Fine Particle Air Pollution
Bell, M. L., Ebisu, K., Peng, R. D., Samet, J. M., & Dominici, F. (2009) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.200808-1240oc · Cited by 500
Self-citation
Cited by
Infectious disease in an era of global change
Baker, R. E., Mahmud, A. S., Miller, I. F., Rajeev, M., Rasambainarivo, F., Rice, B. L., Takahashi, S., Tatem, A. J., Wagner, C. E., Wang, L.-F., et al. (2022) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-021-00639-z · Cited by 2,059
Socioeconomic Disparities and Air Pollution Exposure: a Global Review
Hajat, A., Hsia, C., & O’Neill, M. S. (2015) · Current Environmental Health Reports · doi:10.1007/s40572-015-0069-5 · Cited by 1,097
PM 2.5 polluters disproportionately and systemically affect people of color in the United States
Tessum, C. W., Paolella, D. A., Chambliss, S. E., Apte, J. S., Hill, J. D., & Marshall, J. D. (2021) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abf4491 · Cited by 608
Housing as a determinant of health equity: A conceptual model
Swope, C. B., & Hernández, D. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112571 · Cited by 545
Global air pollution exposure and poverty
Rentschler, J., & Leonova, N. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39797-4 · Cited by 538
Metadata
- Authors
- Bell, M. L., & Ebisu, K.
- Venue
- Environmental Health Perspectives
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2012-12
- Volume
- 120
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1699-1704
- ISSN
- 0091-6765 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-9924
- OpenAlex
- W2037547355
- Cited by
- 493
- References
- 66
- FWCI
- 9.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Environmental Inequality in Exposures to Airborne Particulate Matter Components in the United States. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1289/ehp.1205201
- The paper
- Bell, M. L., & Ebisu, K. (2012). Environmental Inequality in Exposures to Airborne Particulate Matter Components in the United States. Environmental Health Perspectives. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205201
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
