Cited by 2,059Zoonotic diseases and public healthViral Infections and Outbreaks ResearchClimate Change and Health Impacts

Infectious disease in an era of global change

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Baker, Rachel E., Mahmud, Ayesha S., Miller, Ian F., Rajeev, Malavika, Rasambainarivo, Fidisoa, Rice, Benjamin L., Takahashi, Saki, Tatem, Andrew J. +4 more·2022·Nature Reviews Microbiology

Abstract

The twenty-first century has witnessed a wave of severe infectious disease outbreaks, not least the COVID-19 pandemic, which has had a devastating impact on lives and livelihoods around the globe. The 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak, the 2009 swine flu pandemic, the 2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak, the 2013-2016 Ebola virus disease epidemic in West Africa and the 2015 Zika virus disease epidemic all resulted in substantial morbidity and mortality while spreading across borders to infect people in multiple countries. At the same time, the past few decades have ushered in an unprecedented era of technological, demographic and climatic change: airline flights have doubled since 2000, since 2007 more people live in urban areas than rural areas, population numbers continue to climb and climate change presents an escalating threat to society. In this Review, we consider the extent to which these recent global changes have increased the risk of infectious disease outbreaks, even as improved sanitation and access to health care have resulted in considerable progress worldwide.

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Authors
Baker, R. E., Mahmud, A. S., Miller, I. F., Rajeev, M., Rasambainarivo, F., Rice, B. L., Takahashi, S., Tatem, A. J., Wagner, C. E., Wang, L.-F., Wesolowski, A., & Metcalf, C. J. E.
Affiliations
  • Princeton University (US)
  • University of California, Berkeley (US)
  • University of California, San Francisco (US)
  • University of Southampton (GB)
  • McGill University (CA)
  • Duke University (US)
  • Johns Hopkins University (US)
Corresponding author
  • Baker, Rachel E.
  • Metcalf, C. Jessica E.
Venue
Nature Reviews Microbiology
Published
2021-10-13
Volume
20
Issue
4
Pages
193-205
ISSN
  • 1740-1526 (ISSN-L)
  • 1740-1534
OpenAlex
W3205480029
Cited by
2,059
References
168
Citations by year
2026: 358 · 2025: 602 · 2024: 595 · 2023: 359 · 2022: 139 · 2021: 4
FWCI
49.91
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Nature Reviews Microbiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • Burroughs Wellcome Fund
  • Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-024911)
  • Princeton University
  • National Research Foundation (NRF2012NRFCRP001-056, NRF2016NRF-NSFC002-013)
  • National Research Foundation Singapore (NRF2016NRF, NRF2012NRF‐CRP001‐056, NRF2016NRF-NSFC002-013, CRP001-056)
  • Ministry of Education - Singapore (MOE2019-T2-2-130)
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China
  • Ministry of Education, India
  • National Institutes of Health
  • Medical Research Council
  • National Medical Research Council (COVID19RF-003, MOH-OFIRG19MAY-0011)
  • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (1R01A1160780–01, R01AI160780)
  • U.S. National Library of Medicine (DP2LM013102)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P2CHD073964)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Zoonotic diseases and public health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Viral Infections and Outbreaks Research
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Climate Change and Health Impacts
Keywords
infectious disease outbreaks, global change, COVID-19 pandemic, SARS, swine influenza, MERS, Ebola virus disease, Zika virus, climate change, urbanization, international travel
MeSH terms
Zika Virus Infection, Zika Virus, COVID-19, Communicable Diseases, Disease Outbreaks, Humans, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola, Pandemics, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus

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