Levels and determinants of DDT and DDE exposure in the VHEMBE cohort
Open accessAbstract
Background: Although indoor residual spraying (IRS) is an effective tool for malaria control, its use contributes to high insecticide exposure in sprayed communities and raises concerns about possible unintended health effects. Objective: The Venda Health Examination of Mothers, Babies and their Environment (VHEMBE) is a birth cohort study initiated in 2012 to characterize prenatal exposure to IRS insecticides and exposures’ impacts on child health and development in rural South Africa. Methods: In this report, we describe the VHEMBE cohort and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) serum concentrations measured in VHEMBE mothers when they presented for delivery. In addition, we applied a causal inference framework to estimate the potential reduction in population-level p,p′-DDT and p,p′-DDE serum concentrations under five hypothetical interventions. A total of 751 mothers were enrolled. Results: Serum concentrations of p,p′ isomers of DDT and DDE were above the limit of detection (LOD) in ≥98% of the samples, whereas the o,p′ isomers were above the LOD in at least 80% of the samples. Median (interquartile range) p,p′-DDT and p,p′-DDE serum concentrations for VHEMBE cohort participants were 55.3 (19.0–259.3) and 242.2 (91.8–878.7) ng/g-lipid, respectively. Mothers reporting to have lived in a home sprayed with DDT for malaria control had ∼5–7 times higher p,p′-DDT and p,p′-DDE serum concentrations than those who never lived in a home sprayed with DDT. Of the five potential interventions tested, we found increasing access to water significantly reduced p,p′-DDT exposure and increasing the frequency of household wet mopping significantly reduced p,p′-DDT and p,p′-DDE exposure. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that several intervention approaches may reduce DDT/DDE exposure in pregnant women living in IRS communities. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP353
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The role of women and girls as main water purveyors increased their exposure to waterborne toxins.
“Regardless, women and girls typically served as the main water purveyors, a role which increased their risk for musculoskeletal trauma (Geere et al., 2018), and exposure to waterborne toxins (Gaspar et al., 2017;Guy et al., 2018).”
From A Systematic Review of Water and Gender Interlinkages: Assessing the Intersection With Health (2020) · cites this paper as Gaspar et al., 2017
Women and girls remain particularly disenfranchised due to their role as water purveyors and homemakers, gender roles which exacerbate the risk for health burdens and sexual assault.
“Women and girls remain particularly disenfranchised, for example, due to their role as water purveyors and homemakers, gender roles which exacerbate the risk for health burdens (Sommer et al., 2015b;Gaspar et al., 2017;Geere et al., 2018;Guy et al., 2018), and sexual assault.”
From A Systematic Review of Water and Gender Interlinkages: Assessing the Intersection With Health (2020) · cites this paper as Gaspar et al., 2017
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- Authors
- Gaspar, F. W., Chevrier, J., Quirós-Alcalá, L., Lipsitt, J. M., Barr, D. B., Holland, N., Bornman, R., & Eskenazi, B.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- McGill University (CA)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Emory University (US)
- University of Pretoria (ZA)
- Corresponding author
- Eskenazi, Brenda
- ORCID
- Venue
- Environmental Health Perspectives
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2017-07-24
- Volume
- 125
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 077006-077006
- ISSN
- 0091-6765 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-9924
- PMC
- PMC5744723
- OpenAlex
- W2734614573
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 4.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- Locations
- Environmental Health Perspectives (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- UpSpace Institutional Repository (University of Pretoria) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES020360, P30ES019776)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Keywords
- DDT, DDE, indoor residual spraying, insecticide exposure, serum pesticide concentrations, prenatal exposure, pregnant women, malaria control, water access, rural South Africa
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene, DDT, Female, Humans, Insecticides, Pregnancy, South Africa, Cohort Studies, Maternal Exposure, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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