Culturally Responsive Services as a Path to Equity in Mental Healthcare
Abstract
Indigenous peoples, immigrants and refugees and racialized groups, as well as some long-established ethnic, linguistic, cultural and religious communities, experience inequities in mental health in Canadian society. These inequities result from social structural determinants of health that are embedded in the cultural knowledge, values and attitudes of the specific group as well as those of the larger society. Culture shapes the experience and expression of mental health problems, modes of coping, pathways to care and the effectiveness of treatment and prevention, as well as the processes of resilience and recovery. Systematic attention to culture in the provision of mental health services can improve access, utilization and health outcomes. We review models to address diversity in mental healthcare and identify key areas in which we believe policy innovation is urgently needed: 1. Cultural competence, safety and anti-racism training and accreditation standards for practitioners and for healthcare education, service systems and institutions; 2. National regulations and quality assurance standards to ensure use of language interpreters; 3. Development of a cadre of culture brokers to improve clinical communication; and 4. Integration of attention to culture in service systems design, as well as clinical practice.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Intercultural therapy emphasizes understanding the client's cultural background, values, and beliefs to optimize treatment outcomes.
“Approaches such as intercultural therapy emphasize an understanding of the client’s cultural background, values, and beliefs to optimize treatment outcomes [203].”
From Impact of Media-Induced Uncertainty on Mental Health: Narrative-Based Perspective. (2025) · cites this paper as [203]
Individualized therapy models such as CBT and ACT, which emphasize self-directed coping and personal resilience, are more commonly used.
“Individualized therapy models, such as CBT and ACT, which emphasize self-directed coping and personal resilience, are more commonly used [203].”
From Impact of Media-Induced Uncertainty on Mental Health: Narrative-Based Perspective. (2025) · cites this paper as [203]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Update on the Cultural Formulation Interview
Jarvis, G. E., Kirmayer, L. J., Gómez-Carrillo, A., Aggarwal, N. K., & Lewis-Fernández, R. (2020) · Focus · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20190037 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationThere is no health without Cultural Safety: why Cultural Safety matters
McGough, S., Wynaden, D., Gower, S., Duggan, R., & Wilson, R. L. (2022) · Contemporary Nurse · doi:10.1080/10376178.2022.2027254 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“…or a ‘colour blind’ approach invalidates negative racial experiences, cultural perspectives and traumatic histories (Fryberg & Stephens, 2010) and demonstrates a lack of understanding of the difference between equal care versus equitable care, resulting in ethnocentrism (Kirmayer & Jarvis, 2019).”
BackgroundTrauma and Resilience Among Displaced Populations
Theisen-Womersley, G. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-67712-1 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Sanchez, A. L., Comer, J. S., & Roche, M. J. L. (2021) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2021.04.003 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The Politics of Diversity: Pluralism, Multiculturalism and Mental Health
Kirmayer, L. J. (2019) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461519888608 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Devising ways to recognize and respond positively to diversity in mental health care is both essential to address disparities and may contribute in meaningful ways to building pluralistic civil society (Kirmayer & Jarvis, 2019).”
BackgroundSelf-citationWright, M., Getta, A., Green, A., Kickett, U., Kickett, A., McNamara, A. I., McNamara, U. A., Newman, A., Pell, A., Penny, A., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18168555 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Radhamony, R., Cross, W. M., Townsin, L., & Banik, B. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/jpm.12919 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Barriers to Equity in Pediatric Hearing Health Care: A Review of the Evidence
Kingsbury, S. E., Khvalabov, N., Stirn, J., et al. (2022) · Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups · doi:10.1044/2021_persp-21-00188 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Varcoe, C., Browne, A. J., Perrin, N., Wilson, E., Bungay, V., Byres, D., Wathen, N., Stones, C., Liao, C., & Price, E. R. (2022) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-022-08475-4 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Impact of Media-Induced Uncertainty on Mental Health: Narrative-Based Perspective.
Kesner, L., Juríčková, V., Grygarová, D., & Horáček, J. (2025) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/68640 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Approaches such as intercultural therapy emphasize an understanding of the client’s cultural background, values, and beliefs to optimize treatment outcomes [203].”
Taking Action on Racism and Structural Violence in Psychiatric Training and Clinical Practice
Jarvis, G. E., Andermann, L., Ayonrinde, O., Beder, M., Cénat, J. M., Ben-Cheikh, I., Fung, K. P.-L., Gajaria, A., Gómez-Carrillo, A., Guzder, J., et al. (2023) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/07067437231166985 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, Y., Ragunathan, S., Fuentes, K., Hsu, S., & Lindsay, S. (2023) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2023.2258792 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“These studies demonstrate the importance of promoting healthcare services for marginalized children and youth with disabilities and their families, such as Asian children and youth, by developing a better understanding about their needs and delivering culturally competent services [47].”
Fuadi, A., & Mirsal, I. (2023) · At-Tasyrih jurnal pendidikan dan hukum Islam · doi:10.55849/attasyrih.v7i2.129 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“The development that can be seen from the applicative level is that many Islamic boarding schools can be independent by simply relying on their abilities to support Islamic boarding school operations (Kirmayer & Jarvis, 2019; Lin dkk., 2021).”
BackgroundRadicalization to Violence: A View from Cultural Psychiatry
Rousseau, C., Aggarwal, N. K., & Kirmayer, L. J. (2021) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13634615211048010 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“…to minority populations in ways that do stigmatize historically disadvantaged ethnic, racial, or religious communities (Khan, 2017; Kirmayer, 2010; Kirmayer & Jarvis, 2019) can inform efforts to engage groups of individuals belonging to subcultures such as anti-government white supremacists,…”
BackgroundSelf-citationChau, L. W., Lam, R. W. M., Minas, H., Hayashi, K., Nguyen, V. C., & O’Neil, J. (2025) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/68296 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“This cultural variation profoundly influences mental illness expression; patterns of coping and help seeking; the process of recovery; adherence to treatment; and relationships between individuals and their networks of family, friends, and health care providers [150,151].”
Arundell, L.-L., Saunders, R., Buckman, J. E. J., Lewis, G., Stott, J. C. H., Singh, S., Jena, R., Naqvi, S. A., Leibowitz, J., & Pilling, S. (2024) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-024-02610-8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“…that some form of cultural adaptation is possible in almost every service setting, and whether or not ‘organization-specific’ adaptations are able to be made, there is also a role for ensuring that clinicians are trained to adapt their practices and provide culturally sensitive care [12–14].”
BackgroundMcKay, S., & Meza, J. I. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1418185 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…migrant, and culturally and linguistically diverse groups suggests that a contextualized, strengths-based approach to suicide prevention with international students will likely support better outcomes (Na et al., 2016; Healey et al., 2017; Kirmayer and Jarvis, 2019; Allen et al., 2022).”
BackgroundSaberi, S., Wachtler, C., & Lau, P. M.-Y. (2021) · Australian Journal of Primary Health · doi:10.1071/py21017 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Meanings of Resilience and Mental Health in a Refugee Context: Voices of Syrian Refugees
Yalim, A. C., & Chapple, R. L. (2023) · Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work · doi:10.1080/15313204.2023.2173694 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Considering what cultural and social meanings are attached to mental health and resilience when working with refugees may inform service providers and scholars about refugees’ needs and challenges (Kirmayer & Jarvis, 2019).”
BackgroundThe place of the social in psychiatry: from structural determinants to the ecology of mind
Kirmayer, L. J. (2024) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-024-02772-5 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationMianji, F., Tomaro, J., & Kirmayer, L. J. (2020) · International Journal of Migration Health and Social Care · doi:10.1108/ijmhsc-08-2019-0074 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationSapkota, R. P., Valli, E., Wilhelms, A., Adlam, K., Bourgeault, L., Heron, V., Dickerson, K. C., Nugent, M., & Hadjistavropoulos, H. D. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11152135 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Furthermore, this lack of access and utilization of mental health services by PDEGs has been attributed to the limited availability of culturally informed services and service providers [11,18,24].”
BackgroundApplication of fairness to healthcare, organizational justice, and finance: A survey
Birzhandi, P., & Cho, Y.-S. (2022) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2022.119465 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Global migration: Moral, political and mental health challenges
Jarvis, G. E., & Kirmayer, L. J. (2023) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13634615231162282 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Improving mental health systems and services for migrants There is evidence that culturally adapted mental health services for minority ethnic populations produce better outcomes and are preferred by patients and caregivers (Arundell et al., 2021; Kirmayer & Jarvis, 2019).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCulturally Informed Manifestations of Trauma
Theisen-Womersley, G. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-67712-1_5 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“…to trauma which have been noted in the literature, not only among individuals but also amongdifferent cultural groups (Bracken, 2002;Hinton&LewisFernández, 2011; Lewis-Fernández &Kirmayer, 2019; Marsella et al., 1996; Perilla, Norris, & Lavizzo, 2002; Rousseau et al., 1997; Summerfield, 2001).”
BackgroundInfluentialHaitana, T., Pitama, S. G., Cormack, D. M., et al. (2022) · The International Journal of Health Planning and Management · doi:10.1002/hpm.3486 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Levy-Fenner, E., Colucci, E., & McDonough, S. (2022) · Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s40737-022-00319-y · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Ultimately, narrative story-telling offers opportunities for sense-making, reframing, connection, and recovery (Frank, 1995; Leamy et al., 2011; Robertson et al., 2020; Slade, 2009) in which culture plays an integral role (Kirmayer & Jarvis, 2019; Tse & Ng, 2014).”
Im, H., Verbillis-Kolp, S., Atiyeh, S., Bonz, A. G., Eadeh, S., George, N., & Wadu, A. M. (2023) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1155/2023/6696415 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Costa, N., Olson, R. E., Mescouto, K. A., Setchell, J., Plage, S., Dune, T. M., Creese, J., Suleman, S., Prasad-Ildes, R., & Ng, Z. Y. (2025) · Culture Medicine and Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s11013-024-09893-1 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Ninomiya, M. E. M., Tanner, B., Peach, L., George, N., Plain, S., George, T., Graham, K., Bernards, S., Brubacher, L. J., & Wells, S. L. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115197 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Haitana, T., Pitama, S. G., Cormack, D. M., Clark, M. T. R., & Lacey, C. J. (2022) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2022.2027884 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Adapting maintenance plans after reviews to inform GP managed care/prevent relapse/increase patient/whānau supports/re-engage services if required. for Māori patients with BD and their whānau (Kirmayer and Jarvis 2019; New Zealand Government 2018; Waitoki et al. 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialTang, Y., Sinha, K. K., Moen, A., & Ertekin, N. (2024) · Production and Operations Management · doi:10.1177/10591478231224914 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Given the significant supply and demand gap, as well as the existing inequities, various stakeholders in the mental healthcare ecosystem are actively seeking solutions to ensure equitable mental health services (Agic, 2019; Kirmayer and Jarvis, 2019).”
BackgroundSingh, N., Thiagalingam, P., Hussain, J., Shah, V., Edwards, N., Lui, E., NESRALLAH, G. E., Lok, C. E., Walele, A. A., Novák, M., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2022.06.009 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Jarvis, G. E., Larchanché, S., Bennegadi, R., et al. (2020) · Culture Medicine and Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s11013-019-09666-1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationTee, S., Üzar‐Özçetin, Y. S., & Trenoweth, S. (2021) · Perspectives In Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/ppc.12926 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Culture and Psychiatric Diagnosis
(2022) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787.culture_and_psychiatric_diagnosis · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Cultural and Social Context of Clinical Assessment
Kirmayer, L. J., Rousseau, C., Jarvis, G. E., & Guzder, J. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42825-9_87-1 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationCulturally Responsive Methodologies: Addressing the Special Issues in Qualitative Health Research
Jordan, L. S., & Hall, J. N. (2025) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/10497323251322298 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Cul-turally responsive qualitative research forges a path to answer this call (Kirmayer & Jarvis, 2019).”
Culturally Adapted Mental Health Education Programs for Migrant Populations: A Scoping Review
Thayyilayil, S. A., Yohani, S. C., Cyuzuzo, L., Kennedy, M., & Salami, B. O. (2026) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph23010072 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“This approach is consistent with literature that calls for cultural safety in mental health services as a means of achieving health equity [45].”
Integrated mental health for refugees: A realist theory building study
Clark, N., Bullon, A. A., Huq, M., & Mukumbang, F. C. (2026) · PLOS mental health. · doi:10.1371/journal.pmen.0000547 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“This ethical objective is not to distribute care through status quo approaches; rather, to treat people according to unique needs, including providing access to language interpreters or to culturally tailored and gender responsive care [12,15,75].”
InfluentialYohani, S. C., & Devereux, C. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph22091316 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…order to assess, conceptualize, and support their clients appropriately resonate with leading cultural psychiatry researchers Kirmayer and Jarvis’ position that systematic attention to culture in clinical practice and systems design is vital for ensuring equity in Canadian mental health care [47].”
InfluentialBernier, A. S., McCrimmon, A. W., Nsair, S., & Hans, H. (2024) · Refuge Canada s Journal on Refuge · doi:10.25071/1920-7336.41109 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Moreover, culture greatly influences both the presentation of autism (Dababnah et al., 2019) and how mental health concerns manifest (Kirmayer & Jarvis, 2019).”
BackgroundPanigrahi, B., Priya, K., Bansal, A., & Choudhary, R. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Green Industrial Electronics and Sustainable Technologies (GIEST) · doi:10.1109/giest62955.2024.10960096 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The authors do support the provision of cultural competence in both mental health training and service delivery but further call for understanding cultural contexts to be effective in intervention[16].”
Mackie, A. S., Tulli-Shah, M., Chappell, A., Kariwo, M., Ibrahim, S., & Salami, B. O. (2024) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2024.05.014 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The digital therapeutic relationship: Retaining humanity in the digital age
Bantjes, J. R., & Slabbert, P. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822201-0.00019-8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Atanackovic, J., Slipp, M., Klaus, J., Bartram, M. H., Myles, S., Bourgeault, I. L., & Leslie, K. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4182850/v1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Weinrabe, A., Malik, A., Cochrane, T., Khan, M., Murphy, D., & Smith, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1647419 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Cynefin and the ethics of context in mental health
Downs, J. L. (2026) · Medical Humanities · doi:10.1136/medhum-2025-013578 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“15 17 A cynefin - informed clinical ethic thus treats context not as background information gathered at intake, but as an evolving source of ethical and clinical insight that must be revisited across time and transitions.”
Rathod, S., Skórniewska, Z., Engelthaler, T., Fell, B., Sajid, S., & Phiri, P. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.02.027 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Arreola, K., Cho, S., Phan, C., Unger, K., Chang, W., & Chen, S. (2024) · European Journal of Engineering Education · doi:10.1080/03043797.2024.2417345 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…of mental healthcare should be addressed, including providers’ reflections on their understanding of clients’ cultural backgrounds, person-centered care, and systems that recognise and work to address power imbalances, structural violence, and systemic discrimination (Kirmayer and Jarvis 2019).”
Collective Trauma, Collective Healing
Theisen-Womersley, G. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-67712-1_6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The work of Kirmayer and colleagues (Kirmayer, 2019; Kirmayer & Jarvis, 2019; Kirmayer & Minas, 2000) for example, demonstrates how the experience of trauma is always preceded by and embedded in cultural systems of meanings and practices, which influence modes of attention and interpretive frames…”
BackgroundPhillips, C. M., & Sinha, A. (2023) · Clinical Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10615-023-00898-8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“These cultural values are often pivotal in shaping how communities experience and cope with mental health problems and determine their pathways to effectively seek treatment (Kirmayer & Jarvis, 2019; National Alliance on Mental Health, 2023).”
A Community Mental Health and Well-Being University Level Course: Design and Implementation
Pozzulo, J., Vettese, A., & Stone, A. (2023) · Journal of Experiential Education · doi:10.1177/10538259231217460 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“They do this through targeting social and economic inequalities, such as accessibility issues for underprivileged community members (e.g., individuals experiencing homelessness) or providing culturally relevant mental healthcare (Castillo et al., 2019; Kirmayer & Jarvis, 2019).”
Arundell, L.-L., Saunders, R., Barnett, P., Leibowitz, J., Buckman, J. E. J., & Pilling, S. (2024) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640241270800 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Culturally sensitive treat-ment and specifically, the importance of having a culturally competent therapist (Kirmayer, 2012; Kirmayer & Jarvis, 2019) was emphasised.”
BackgroundLay perceptions of mental health among Afghan forced migrants residing in Finland
Farahani, H., Martikainen, J., Eliasi, L. G., Tavakol, M., & Toikko, T. (2024) · Social Work in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15332985.2024.2357357 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“These conceptions are crucial as they shape their communication about mental health, their seeking of assistance and care, and their experiences of safety or unsafety when using mental health care services in Finland (Kirmayer & Jarvis, 2019).”
Cultural and Social Context of Clinical Assessment
Kirmayer, L. J., Rousseau, C., Jarvis, G. E., & Guzder, J. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51366-5_87 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationSalam, Z., Carranza, M. E., Newbold, K. B., Wahoush, O., & Joseph, A. J. (2024) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-024-01362-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Therefore, the experiences noted within these subthemes were contradicting and rich, and it highlights that not all racialized immigrants are monoliths or homogenous in their attitudes towards mental health or care (Kirmayer & Jarvis, 2019; Kirmayer, 2012b).”
InfluentialHagemann, S., Vigil-Hayes, M., Amresh, A., Adams, M., Joseph, D. H., & Collier, A. F. (2026) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/77898 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Mental health and wellness practices operate most effectively when they are tailored to specific communities and populations [9], presenting challenges for tribal communities, who historically have not been included in the technology design process [10]. mHealth supports technologies designed for…”
Chou, S., Han, C., Ouyang, J. X., & Li, A. S. Y. (2022) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2022.05.006 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kütük, M. Ö., Kılıçaslan, F., Tufan, A. E., Celik, F., Gökçen, C., Bag, H. G., Servi, G., Karali, M., Bahsi, G., Servi, C., et al. (2022) · Children s Health Care · doi:10.1080/02739615.2022.2156344 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Potentially delicate or distressing areas to be covered were summarized and specific cultural factors to consider in the interviews were determined before-hand (Doğan, Dikec, & Uygun, 2019; Kirmayer & Jarvis, 2019; Wylie et al., 2018).”
BackgroundBarbosa, C. A., de Almeida, J. C. P., Arnault, D. S., Riccio, M. C., de Oliveira, J. L., & de Souza, J. (2025) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13634615241296298 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…considering the dimensions of suffering in relation to local cultural practices and interpretations of experience, emphasizing ways of life as an important background for identifying people ’ s needs (Kirmayer, 2007; Kirmayer & Jarvis, 2019; Kirmayer et al., 2017; Lusk & Chavez-Baray, 2017).”
Radhamony, R., Cross, W. M., & Townsin, L. (2021) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2021.1925792 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Han, C., Chou, S., Shaligram, D., et al. (2021) · Academic Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40596-021-01566-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Training psychiatrists in structural competency and cultural humility is more predictive of positive patient outcomes than ethnic matching [3], with such interventions including cultural awareness workshops and cultural curricula reported as part of various institutes’ trainings [3, 4].”
BackgroundKhalsa, G. S., Softas‐Nall, B. C., & Razo, J. T. (2023) · Studies in Social Science Research · doi:10.22158/sssr.v4n3p59 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Chinnéide, E. N., Reynolds, A., Ahmed, Z., & Canagaratnam, M. (2023) · Pastoral Care in Education · doi:10.1080/02643944.2023.2292131 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…tendency towards self-reliance, insufficient culturally responsive services more generally, the impact of digital technologies on access to support, as well as lengthening waiting lists (Atkinson & Martin, 2018; Health & Social Care Committee, 2021; Kirmayer & Jarvis, 2019; Ophir et al., 2020).”
Baker, C. N., & Bush, S. A. (2025) · Journal of Agromedicine · doi:10.1080/1059924x.2025.2467964 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“26,31 34”
Boujelben, I., D’Andrea, G., Ouellet‐Plamondon, C., Artaud, L., Villeneuve, M., Shah, J. L., Iyer, S. N., & Abdel‐Baki, A. (2025) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2025.04.021 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Service organisations fostering cultural humility, cultural securitization, structural competence among clinicians and trainees may limit disparities caused by intersectional disadvantage (Kirmayer and Jarvis, 2019; Metzl and Hansen, 2018).”
Arundell, L.-L., Saunders, R., Barnett, P., Leibowitz, J., Buckman, J. E. J., Woodcock, F., & Pilling, S. (2025) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2025.36 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“18,19,35 Similar research that included a qualitative exploration of therapists ’ perspectives on ethnic inequalities in NHS TTad services was conducted with a broader sample of participants from regions across England.”
Beyond the textbook: ensuring culturally responsive education in mental health nursing
Ramluggun, P., Ajibade, B., Masuku, S., & Joseph, S. M. (2025) · Mental Health Practice · doi:10.7748/mhp.2025.e1737 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cross-cultural disparities in teachers’ reports of ADHD symptoms and behavior: a scoping review
Diener, T.-S. L., Jackson, M. S., Lee, M. A., Grové, C., & Nguyen, V. (2025) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-025-10092-y · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“By focusing on the local cultures of those involved and the structural determinants influencing assessment, equity in mental healthcare is expected to improve (Kirmayer & Jarvis, 2019).”
Young adult perspectives on dignity in mental healthcare
Kieffer, S. A., Silcox, J., Wammes, M., Rice, L., Lavender, S., Freier, A., & Osuch, E. A. (2025) · Nursing Ethics · doi:10.1177/09697330251366608 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“27 Cultural humility is proposed as an alternative, encouraging clinician self-re fl ection of their own social location and the power dynamic within a therapeutic relationship.”
Botwe, A. A., Armoush, N., Poth, C., Yohani, S. C., & Gokiert, R. (2026) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph23010092 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Refugee-serving PHCs adopt systems-level approaches grounded in three key principles: a holistic view of health, a life-course approach, and culturally safe care [15–22].”
InfluentialWong, S., Nathan, S., MacDonald, C., & Perry, K. N. (2026) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284207.2025.2603339 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Middha, S. (2026) · Mental Health Global Challenges Journal · doi:10.56508/mhgcj.v9i1.330 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Although scholars increasingly recognize that mental health outcomes among immigrants are influenced by systemic inequities, few studies systematically apply intersectionality to interrogate it (Kirmayer & Jarvis, 2019; Liu et al., 2023).”
Ford-Jones, P. C., Iheanacho, C., Rahman, M., & Adam, S. (2026) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2026.2632769 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“In recognition of these limitations, culturally responsive and community-rooted mental health services have been advocated (Kirmayer & Jarvis, 2019).”
Knaifel, E. (2026) · Social Work in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15332985.2026.2632211 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“The study findings are discussed through context-sensitive and cultural safety frameworks (Kirmayer & Jarvis, 2019; Tham & Solomon, 2025), illustrating how cultural value systems, migration trajectories, and institutional configurations of mental health care interact to shape families’ expectations…”
Whose Knowledge Counts? Promoting Epistemic Justice in Cross-cultural Supervision
Wong, S., Lokot, M., Perry, K. N., & Nathan, S. (2026) · Intervention · doi:10.4103/intv.intv_14_25 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Defining culturally responsive sleep health care through Australian First Nations leadership
Nasir, B., Senden, R. V., Williams, W., et al. (2026) · The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific · doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2026.101854 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Samis in the city. A qualitative study of mental health and well-being among Samis in Stockholm
Sundvall, M., Eastwood, E. M., & Bäärnhielm, S. (2023) · International Journal of Circumpolar Health · doi:10.1080/22423982.2023.2246644 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Kirmayer and Jarvis [46] stressed the importance of services, systems and interventions being culturally responsive to the needs of patients.”
BackgroundDeterminantes sociales de la salud mental: retórica, realidades y esperanzas
Alarcón, R. D. (2024) · Acta Herediana · doi:10.20453/ah.v67i1.5524 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…implementación y el uso de recursos como intérpretes o «agentes o gestores (brokers) culturales» dentro de un sistema integrado de servicios, evaluaciones e intervenciones clínicas, prevención de trastornos y promoción de una auténtica salud mental (Kirmayer y Jarvis, 2019; Esponda et al., 2020).”
BackgroundKeeping Color in Mind: Racial Disparities within Mental Health Care
Lee, L. J. (2024) · Undergraduate Journal of Public Health · doi:10.3998/ujph.6075 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Boateng, R., Karim, F., BIELECKI, J. M., Batt, A. M., Gajaria, A., Munce, S., & Rac, V. E. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-087437 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“26 27 These findings will be analysed qualitatively and summarised quantitatively.”
BackgroundInnovating Mental Health Care for Migrants in the Netherlands
Rohlof, H., & van Dijk, R. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-57296-9_121 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Varcoe, C., Browne, A. J., Perrin, N., Wilson, E., Bungay, V., Byres, D., Wathen, C. N., Stones, C., Liao, C., & Price, E. R. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1720657/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Innovating Mental Health Care for Migrants in the Netherlands
Rohlof, H., & van Dijk, R. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-70134-9_121-1
Omorefe, L. (2021) · DalSpace (Dalhousie University)
Theisen-Womersley, G. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-67712-1_12
Màk, G., Fortier, A., Fowler, H. S., Bobadilla, A., & Rae, J. (2022) · Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health · doi:10.7870/cjcmh-2022-023
“…amidst reduced access to care (Abramovitz et al., 2015), culturally unresponsive care (Fante-Coleman & Jackson-Best, 2020), and longstanding mistreatment because of racism, transphobia, and other forms of discrimination in the healthcare system and in society in general (Kirmayer & Jarvis, 2019).”
BackgroundAn analysis of KwaZulu-Natal clinical psychologists’ multicultural experience
Johnston, E. R. (2023) · South African Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1177/00812463221148552
Fleshing Out the Concept, and Questions of Classification
Nielsen, K. (2023) · Palgrave Studies in the Theory and History of Psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-29164-7_5
Danseco, E. R., Lucente, G., & Kurzawa, J. (2023) · Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health · doi:10.7870/cjcmh-2023-008
Haitana, T., Clark, M. T. R., Crowe, M., Cunningham, R., Porter, R., Pitama, S. G., Mulder, R., & Lacey, C. J. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12070793
Campus climate assessment and action: disaggregating the social work experience in Canada
Curry‐Stevens, A., Petovello, A., & Hayford, E. (2024) · Social Work Education · doi:10.1080/02615479.2024.2389331
“Scholarship has since emphasized improvement priorities: inclusive governance (Brown, 2002), cultural responsiveness (Kirmayer & Jarvis, 2019), and belonging (Cornell University Diversity and Inclusion, n.d.; Powell & Menendian, 2016).”
Lambie, I., & Ioane, J. (2024) · doi:10.1002/9781119893073.ch20
Yahalom, J., & Hamilton, A. B. (2024) · Gezinstherapie Wereldwijd · doi:10.1007/s12440-024-00235-6
Kavuran, E., Yurttaş, A., KABAK, T., & Solak, Ü. (2025) · Journal of Transcultural Nursing · doi:10.1177/10436596251330295
Vigil-Hayes, M., Hagemann, S., Amresh, A., Adams, M., Joseph, D. H., & Collier, A. F. (2025) · doi:10.2196/preprints.77898
Wounded Healers: Peer Support Work of Sexual Minority Men in Substance Use Recovery in Singapore
See, M. Y., Chin, C., Ho, D. W. S., & Tan, R. K. J. (2025) · Counselling & Psychotherapy Review Singapore · doi:10.1142/s2810968625500019
- Authors
- Kirmayer, L., & Jarvis, G.
- Affiliations
- Jewish General Hospital (CA)
- Venue
- HealthcarePapers
- Publisher
- Longwoods Publishing
- Published
- 2019-09-16
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 11-23
- ISSN
- 1488-917X (ISSN-L)
- 1929-6339
- OpenAlex
- W2980215970
- Cited by
- 123
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 16.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- A Nudge Too Far? A Nudge at All? On Paying People to Be Healthy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Cultural Competency in Health Care
- Social Sciences › Health › Indigenous Health, Education, and Rights
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Keywords
- culturally responsive mental health services, mental health equity, indigenous peoples, immigrants and refugees, racialized communities, cultural competence, anti-racism training, interpreters, culture brokers, structural determinants of health, access to mental health care, health policy, Canada
- MeSH terms
- Health Equity, Indigenous Peoples, Mental Disorders, Canada, Health Personnel, Health Policy, Humans, Mental Health Services, Quality of Health Care, Refugees, Emigrants and Immigrants, Cultural Competency, Social Determinants of Health
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
