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The Cosmological Constant

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Carroll, Sean M.·2001·Living Reviews in Relativity
DOI 10.12942/lrr-2001-1PMC PMC5256042
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Abstract

This is a review of the physics and cosmology of the cosmological constant. Focusing on recent developments, I present a pedagogical overview of cosmology in the presence of a cosmological constant, observational constraints on its magnitude, and the physics of a small (and potentially nonzero) vacuum energy.

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  • A mechanism for such an instability may be provided by the small positive cosmological constant that has apparently been discovered.

    “A mechanism for such an instability may be provided by the small positive cosmological constant that has apparently been discovered [16, 17, 18].”

    From Spontaneous inflation and the origin of the arrow of time (2004) · cites this paper as [18]

    The Observational Tests section says evidence had led many experts to believe in a positive vacuum energy, supporting the claim’s cautious reference to an apparently discovered cosmological constant. The Introduction describes the Einstein static universe as unstable to small deviations, but does not say that the observed small positive cosmological constant provides a mechanism for the instability meant by the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • In the presence of a small positive vacuum energy, systems will tend to initially empty out to an approximate de Sitter vacuum.

    “In the presence of a small positive vacuum energy (such as seems to exist in our universe [16, 17, 18]), systems will tend to initially empty out to an approximate de Sitter vacuum.”

    From Spontaneous inflation and the origin of the arrow of time (2004) · cites this paper as [18]

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Authors
Carroll, S. M.
Affiliations
California Institute of Technology (US)
Corresponding author
Carroll, Sean M.
ORCID
Carroll, Sean M.
Venue
Living Reviews in Relativity
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2001-02-07
Volume
4
Issue
1
Pages
1-1
ISSN
  • 1433-8351 (ISSN-L)
  • 2367-3613
DOI
10.12942/lrr-2001-1
PMC
PMC5256042
OpenAlex
W2125048434
Cited by
2,650
References
14
Citations by year
2026: 141 · 2025: 189 · 2024: 164 · 2023: 122 · 2022: 119 · 2021: 114 · 2020: 108 · 2019: 108 · 2018: 98 · 2017: 100 · 2016: 106 · 2015: 98 · 2014: 107 · 2013: 143 · 2012: 110
FWCI
5.86
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Living Reviews in Relativity (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
  • CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders
U.S. Department of Energy
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Dark Matter and Cosmic Phenomena
Keywords
cosmological constant, vacuum energy, observational constraints, cosmological constant problem, dark energy, cosmic expansion, modified gravity

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