The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Therapeutic Approach to the Treatment of Racist-Incident-Based Trauma
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to outline a thematic approach to the clinical treatment of clients who have experienced racial trauma. Using the literature on trauma and racist incidents, the authors explore the following counseling themes for trauma treatment: acknowledge, share, safety and self-care, grieve, shame and self-blame/internalized racism, anger, coping strategies, and resistance strategies. The authors then provide a case study of a Native American client. In addition, potential buffers to the traumatizing impact of racist incidents are provided. In conclusion, the importance of counselor competence is explored. Limitations of the proposed themes are described and a call for further examination of counseling responses to racist-incident-based trauma is made.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Nevertheless, the literature contains many attempts to develop treatments for racial trauma (Bryant-Davis & Ocampo, 2006; Chavez-Dueñas et al., 2019; Chioneso et al., 2020; Comas-Díaz, 2016; Markin & Coleman, 2021; Metzger et al., 2021).”
From Complex Racial Trauma: Evidence, Theory, Assessment, and Treatment (2023) · cites this paper as Bryant-Davis & Ocampo, 2006
Citations
Cites
Foa, E. B., Hearst-Ikeda, D., & Perry, K. J. (1995) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.63.6.948 · Cited by 448
Healing the American Indian Soul Wound
Duran, E., Duran, B., Heart, M. Y. H. B., & Horse-Davis, S. Y. (1998) · International Handbook of Multigenerational Legacies of Trauma · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-5567-1_22 · Cited by 332
Research works printed but not linked: 46
- 10.1176/appi.books.9780890423349 · DOI · Paper page
- Briere , J. N. 1996 . Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children: Professional manual , Odessa, FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
- Bryant-Davis , T. 2003 . “ Thriving after sexual assault ” . In The complete guide to mental health for women , Edited by: Slater , L. J. , Henderson , D. and Banks , A. 154 – 163 . Boston, MA : Beacon Press .
- 10.5040/9798216025832 · DOI
- Bryant-Davis , T. and Ocampo , C. 2004 . Treating the trauma of racism. Paper presented at the Annual American Psychological Association . August 2004 , Honolulu, HI.
- 10.1177/0011000005276465 · DOI
- Carter , J. 1994 . Racism's impact on mental health . Journal of the National Medical Association , 86 : 543 – 547 .
- Carter , R. and Helms , J. 2002 . Racial discrimination and harassment: Race-based traumatic stress . Presented at The American College of Forensic Examiners Conference . September 2002 , Orlando, FL.
- 10.1037/0003-066X.54.10.805 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037/0003-066X.55.11.1319 · DOI
- Daniel , J. H. 2000 . “ The courage to hear: African American women's memories of racial trauma ” . In Psychotherapy with African American women: Innovations in psychodynamic perspective and practice , Edited by: Jackson , L. and Greene , B. 126 – 144 . New York : Guilford Press .
- Draguns , J. 1996 . “ Ethnocultural considerations in the treatment of PTSD: Therapy and service delivery ” . In Ethnocultural aspects of posttraumatic stress disorder: Issues, research, and clinical application , Edited by: Marsella , A. , Friedman , M. , Gerrity , E. and Scurfield , R. 459 – 482 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association . · DOI
- 10.1080/10720169908400174 · DOI
- Gerrity , E. and Solomon , S. 1996 . “ The treatment of PTSD and related stress disorders: Current research and clinical knowledge ” . In Ethnocultural aspects of posttraumatic stress disorder: Issues, research, and clinical application , Edited by: Marsella , A. , Friedman , M. , Gerrity , E. and Scurfield , R. 87 – 104 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association . · DOI
- 10.1177/1077801299005011002 · DOI
- Gusman , F. , Stewart , J. , Young , B. , Riney , S. , Abueg , F. and Blake , D. 1996 . “ A multicultural developmental approach for treating trauma ” . In Ethnocultural aspects of posttraumatic stress disorder: Issues, research, and clinical applications , Edited by: Marsella , A. , Friedman , M. , Gerrity , E. and Scurfield , R. 439 – 457 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association . · DOI
- Guthrie , R. V. 1998 . Even the rat was white , 2nd ed. , Boston, MA : Allyn and Bacon .
- Hardy , L. and Laszloffy , T. 1995 . Therapy with African Americans and the phenomenon of rage . In Session: Psychotherapy in Practice , 1 : 57 – 70 .
- Helms , J. E. 1990 . Black and White racial identity: Theory, research, and practice , Westport, CT : Greenwood .
- 10.1023/A:1022803408114 · DOI
- 10.1093/clipsy.bpg048 · DOI
- Herman , J. L. 1997 . Trauma and recovery , New York : Basic Books .
- Hooks , B. 2003 . Rock my soul: Black people and self-esteem , New York : Washington Square Press .
- 10.1002/jclp.10065 · DOI
- Jones , J. 1997 . Prejudice and racism , 2nd ed. , New York : McGraw-Hill .
- Karumanchery , L. 2003 . The colour of trauma: New perspectives on racism, politics, and resistance . Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences , 64 ( 4-A ) : 1391
- Keane , T. , Kaloupek , D. and Weathers , F. 1996 . “ Ethnocultural considerations in the assessment of PTSD ” . In Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society , Edited by: van der Kolk , B. and McFarlane , A. C. 183 – 205 . New York : Guilford Press .
- Lawrence , K. 2001 . “ Racism, oppression, and childhood trauma ” . In The link between childhood trauma and mental illness: Effective interventions for mental health professionals , Edited by: Everett , B. and Gallop , R. 271 – 291 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage Publications .
- 10.1037/1099-9809.4.2.75 · DOI
- 10.1037/1040-3590.13.4.503 · DOI · Paper page
- McFarlane , A. and Girolama , G. 1996 . “ The nature of traumatic stressors and the epidemiology of posttraumatic reactions ” . In Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society , Edited by: van der Kolk , B. and McFarlane , A. C. 3 – 23 . New York : Guilford Press .
- Raphael , B. , Wilson , J. , Meldrum , L. and McFarlane , A. C. 1996 . “ Acute preventative interventions ” . In Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society , Edited by: van der Kolk , B. and McFarlane , A. C. 463 – 479 . New York : Guilford Press .
- Root , M. 1992 . “ Reconstructing the impact of trauma on personality ” . In Personality and psychopathology , Edited by: Brown , S. and Ballou , M. 229 – 265 . New York : Guilford .
- 10.1037/10555-014 · DOI
- Roth , S. and Batson , R. 1997 . Naming the shadows: A new approach to individual and group psychotherapy wit adult survivors of childhood incest , New York : Free Press .
- 10.1300/J135v01n02_04 · DOI
- 10.1300/J051v10n01_02 · DOI
- 10.1177/1077801298004005004 · DOI
- 10.1037/0003-066X.54.12.1070 · DOI
- 10.1177/0011000099272001 · DOI
- 10.1080/10481881209348674 · DOI
- van der Kolk , B. , McFarlane , A. and van der Hart , O. 1996 . “ A general approach to treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder ” . In Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society , Edited by: van der Kolk , B. and McFarlane , A. C. 417 – 440 . New York : Guilford Press .
- Villena-Mata , D. 2002 . The “don't rules” in societal trauma and its healing . Non Violent Change Journal , 16 : 3 – 10 .
- 10.2105/AJPH.92.4.520 · DOI
- Woodard , L. 2001 . Racial oppression as a form of insidious trauma among African Americans , Boston, MA : University of Massachusetts . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
- 10.1037/0735-7028.21.5.338 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Racial trauma: theory, research, and healing: introduction to the special issue
Comas-Díaz, L., Hall, G. N., & Neville, H. A. (2019) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000442 · Cited by 526
Saleem, F. T., Anderson, R. E., & Williams, M. (2020) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-019-00304-1 · Cited by 210
Hartmann, W. E., Wendt, D. C., Burrage, R. L., Pomerville, A., & Gone, J. P. (2019) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000326 · Cited by 197
Complex Racial Trauma: Evidence, Theory, Assessment, and Treatment
Cénat, J. M. (2023) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916221120428 · Cited by 185
“Nevertheless, the literature contains many attempts to develop treatments for racial trauma (Bryant-Davis & Ocampo, 2006; Chavez-Dueñas et al., 2019; Chioneso et al., 2020; Comas-Díaz, 2016; Markin & Coleman, 2021; Metzger et al., 2021).”
BackgroundEmotion and time perception: Effects of film-induced mood
Droit-Volet, S., Fayolle, S. L., & Gil, S. (2011) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2011.00033 · Cited by 169
Metadata
- Authors
- Bryant-Davis, T., & Ocampo, C.
- Affiliations
- California State University
- Psychology Program, Trinity University
- Venue
- Journal of Emotional Abuse
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-12-11
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1-22
- ISSN
- 1092-6798
- 1540-4714
- Cited by
- 91
- References
- 2
- Language
- en
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: A Therapeutic Approach to the Treatment of Racist-Incident-Based Trauma. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1300/j135v06n04_01
- The paper
- Bryant-Davis, T., & Ocampo, C. (2006). A Therapeutic Approach to the Treatment of Racist-Incident-Based Trauma. Journal of Emotional Abuse. https://doi.org/10.1300/j135v06n04_01