Addressing the “Myth” of Racial Trauma: Developmental and Ecological Considerations for Youth of Color

Saleem, Farzana T.; Anderson, Riana E.; Williams, Monnica

doi:10.1007/s10567-019-00304-1

Cited by 210Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchChild Abuse and TraumaCounseling Practices and Supervision

Addressing the “Myth” of Racial Trauma: Developmental and Ecological Considerations for Youth of Color

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Saleem, Farzana T., Anderson, Riana E., Williams, Monnica·2020·Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review

DOI 10.1007/s10567-019-00304-1PMC PMC8845073

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Abstract

Trauma is prevalent among children and adolescents, with youth of color generally reporting greater exposure compared to White youth. One factor that may account for this difference is racial stress, which can manifest into trauma symptoms. Although racial stress and trauma (RST) significantly impacts youth of color, most of the research to date has focused on adult populations. In addition, little attention has been given to the impact of the ecological context in how youth encounter and cope with RST. As such, we propose the Developmental and Ecological Model of Youth Racial Trauma (DEMYth-RT), a conceptual model of how racial stressors manifest to influence the trauma symptomatology of children and adolescents of color. Within developmental periods, we explore how individual, family, and community processes influence youth's symptoms and coping. We also discuss challenges to identifying racial trauma in young populations according to clinician limitations and the post-traumatic stress disorder framework within the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-fifth edition (DSM-5). The article concludes with implications on applying DEMYth-RT in clinical and research settings to address RST for youth of color.

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BIPOC individuals rarely identify with one single occurrence of racial trauma; instead, they generally find themselves within two main categories of traumatic experiences based on their skin color: major racial trauma and everyday racial trauma.
“BIPOC individuals rarely identify with one single occurrence of racial trauma. Instead, they generally find themselves within two main categories of traumatic experiences based on their skin color: major racial trauma and everyday racial trauma”
From Complex Racial Trauma: Evidence, Theory, Assessment, and Treatment (2023) · cites this paper as Saleem et al., 2020
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Recent studies explicate the impact of race-based stress and trauma on biopsychosocial outcomes among youth of color.
“Recent studies also explicate the impact of race-based stress and trauma (i.e., traumatic stress reactions elicited by racial discrimination) on biopsychosocial outcomes among youth of color (39–41).”
From Structural Racism and Suicide Prevention for Ethnoracially Minoritized Youth: A Conceptual Framework and Illustration Across Systems (2022) · cites this paper as [39]

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Anyiwo N, Richards-Schuster, & Jerald (under review). Using critical media literacy and youth-led research to promote the sociopolitical development of Black youth: Strategies from “Our Voices”.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration [SAMHSA]. (2014). Trauma-informed care in behavioral health services (TIP Series 57, HHS Publication No. 13–4801). Retrieved October 2018, from https://store.samhsa.gov/product/TIP-57-Trauma-Informed-Care-in-Behavioral-Health-Services/SMA14-4816. 24901203

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“, 2020), they may be more likely to be exposed to online content or videos that are discriminatory or that highlight violence and systemic racism, which may be a unique form of racial trauma that affects mental health (Saleem et al., 2020; Tynes et al., 2019).”
Background
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Authors: Saleem, F. T., Anderson, R. E., & Williams, M.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
University of Michigan (US)
University of Ottawa (CA)
Corresponding author: Saleem, Farzana T.
ORCID: Saleem, Farzana T.
Anderson, Riana E.
Williams, Monnica
Venue: Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2019-10-23
Volume: 23
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-14
ISSN: 1096-4037 (ISSN-L)
1573-2827
DOI: 10.1007/s10567-019-00304-1
PMC: PMC8845073
OpenAlex: W2982208430
Cited by: 210
References: 157
Citations by year: 2026: 19 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 2
FWCI: 4.98
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Aging (P30AG015281)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Counseling Practices and Supervision
Keywords: racial trauma, racial stress, youth of color, children and adolescents, trauma symptoms, coping, family and community context, post-traumatic stress disorder, DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, conceptual model
MeSH terms: Psychological Trauma, Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Child, Humans, Models, Psychological, Stress, Psychological, Racism

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Addressing the “Myth” of Racial Trauma: Developmental and Ecological Considerations for Youth of Color

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