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Cited by 151Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchRacial and Ethnic Identity ResearchMigration, Health and Trauma

Measuring exposure to racism: Development and validation of a Race-Related Stressor Scale (RRSS) for Asian American Vietnam veterans.

Loo, Chalsa M., Fairbank, John A., Scurfield, Raymond M., Ruch, Libby O., King, Daniel W., Adams, Lily J., Chemtob, Claude M.·2001·Psychological Assessment
DOI 10.1037/1040-3590.13.4.503
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Abstract

This article describes the development and validation of the Race-Related Stressor Scale (RRSS), a questionnaire that assesses exposure to race-related stressors in the military and war zone. Validated on a sample of 300 Asian American Vietnam veterans, the RRSS has high internal consistency and adequate temporal stability. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that exposure to race-related stressors accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and general psychiatric symptoms, over and above (by 20% and 19%, respectively) that accounted for by combat exposure and military rank. The RRSS appears to be a psychometrically sound measure of exposure to race-related stressors for this population. Race-related stressors as measured by the RRSS appear to contribute uniquely and substantially to PTSD symptoms and generalized psychiatric distress.

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  • Various measures have been developed over the last few years to assess racial trauma.

    “Although the complex experiences of BIPOC individuals are not yet integrated, there are various measures that were developed over the last few years (Carter et al., 2013; Loo et al., 2001; Williams, Metzger, et al., 2018; Williams, Printz, et al., 2018).”

    From Complex Racial Trauma: Evidence, Theory, Assessment, and Treatment (2023) · cites this paper as Loo et al., 2001

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Authors
Loo, C. M., Fairbank, J. A., Scurfield, R. M., Ruch, L. O., King, D. W., Adams, L. J., & Chemtob, C. M.
Affiliations
National Center for PTSD (US)
ORCID
Fairbank, John A.
Venue
Psychological Assessment
Publisher
American Psychological Association (APA)
Published
2001
Volume
13
Issue
4
Pages
503-520
ISSN
  • 1040-3590 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-134X
DOI
10.1037/1040-3590.13.4.503
OpenAlex
W2050131058
Cited by
151
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 9
FWCI
2.66
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Psychological Assessment (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
Keywords
Vietnam War veterans, post-traumatic stress disorder, psychiatric distress, combat exposure, military ranks, scale development, psychometric validation
MeSH terms
Asian, Combat Disorders, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Personality Inventory, Prejudice, Psychometrics, Stress, Psychological, Veterans, Vietnam, Warfare, Reproducibility of Results

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