Mathematical prediction of density and temperature of ensiled forage
Abstract
ABSTRACT GENERAL expressions are derived for the density of ensiled forage crops in upright and bunker silos as dependent on position in the silo, silo configuration, and physical parameters of the forage material. Bounding expressions are obtained for the silo center and perimeter. Forage density is related to the amount of air entrapped in a unit volume, and to the resulting rise in temperature due to aerobic respiration of the plant material. Density, depth, and temperature rise are related graphically using dimensionless variables. Comparison with experimental data shows the density equations to yield accurate predictions. Temperature is also predicted accurately in reasonably well-sealed systems with normal fermentation.
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Silage review: Factors affecting dry matter and quality losses in silages
Borreani, G., Tabacco, E., Schmidt, R. J., Holmes, B. J., & Muck, R. E. (2018) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2017-13837 · Cited by 802 · see citing works
“The rate of decline in density increases in the top 6 m of a tower silo (Pitt, 1983).”
BackgroundFactors Influencing Silage Quality and Their Implications for Management.
Muck, R. E. (1988) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(88)79897-5 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Postharvest Factors Affecting Ensiling
Muck, R. E., Moser, L. E., & Pitt, R. E. (2003) · Agronomy monograph/Agronomy · doi:10.2134/agronmonogr42.c6 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citationFactors affecting bunker silo densities
Muck, R. E., & Holmes, B. J. (2000) · Applied Engineering in Agriculture · doi:10.13031/2013.5374 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“2/ lb), a value in the middle of the range of literature values summarized by Pitt (1983). The “Solve For” function within a Quattro Pro® spreadsheet was used to estimate the wet density at the top of the silo for each case based on the assumed compressibility.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialA review of losses arising during conservation of grass forage: Part 2, storage losses
McGechan, M. B. (1990) · Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research · doi:10.1016/s0021-8634(05)80135-0 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
A quantitative model of the ensilage process in lactate silages
PITT, R. E., MUCK, R. E., & LEIBENSPERGER, R. Y. (1985) · Grass and Forage Science · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2494.1985.tb01755.x · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationSilage effluent management: A review
Gebrehanna, M. M., Gordon, R. J., Madani, A., VanderZaag, A., & Wood, J. D. (2014) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.04.012 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
McEniry, J., O’Kiely, P., CLIPSON, N. J. W., Forristal, P. D., & Doyle, E. M. (2007) · Grass and Forage Science · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2494.2007.00602.x · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Dry matter losses due to oxygen infiltration in silos
Pitt, R. E. (1986) · Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research · doi:10.1016/s0021-8634(86)80056-7 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationA Comprehensive Model of Forage Changes in the Silo
Buckmaster, D. R., Rotz, C. A., & Muck, R. E. (1989) · Transactions of the ASAE · doi:10.13031/2013.31125 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Savoie, P., & Jofriet, J. C. (2003) · Agronomy monograph/Agronomy · doi:10.2134/agronmonogr42.c9 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Direct-cut Harvest and Storage of Alfalfa on the Dairy Farm
Rotz, C. A., Pitt, R. E., Muck, R. E., et al. (1993) · Transactions of the ASAE · doi:10.13031/2013.28378 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Based on Pitt (1983), the density at the time of emptying was a function of the distance from the top surface after filling:”
BackgroundSelf-citationHydrodynamic separation of grain and stover components in corn silage
Savoie, P., Shinners, K. J., & Binversie, B. N. (2004) · Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology · doi:10.1385/abab:113:1-3:041 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
An improved penetrometer technique for determining bale density
Sun, Y., Büscher, W., Lin, J., et al. (2009) · Biosystems Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2009.09.020 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Pitt, R. E., & Gebremedhin, K. G. (1989) · Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research · doi:10.1016/s0021-8634(89)80082-4 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationSuwarno, S., Wittenberg, K. M., & McCaughey, W. P. (1999) · Canadian Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.4141/a99-018 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Bunker Silo Unloaders: An Economic Comparison
Muck, R. E., & Rotz, C. A. (1996) · Applied Engineering in Agriculture · doi:10.13031/2013.25649 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Settled density was predicted based on Hooke's law (Pitt, 1983).”
MethodDensity of silage stored in horizontal silos
Hutnik, E., & Kobielak, S. (2012) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Quantification of mechanical forage conditioning by compressibility
Savoie, P., & Roberge, M. R. (1996) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The effects of temperature on the effluent production potential of grass silage
O’Donnell, C. P., Williams, A. G., & Biddlestone, A. J. (1997) · Grass and Forage Science · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2494.1997.tb02366.x · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Hydrodynamic Separation of Grain and Stover Components in Corn Silage
Savoie, P., Shinners, K. J., & Binversie, B. N. (2004) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-837-3_5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
MODIFYING A THRESHER FOR ENSILING THE GREEN RICE STRAW BY SHREDDING
Basiouny, M. A., & Ghanem, G. (2010) · Misr journal of agricultural engineering · doi:10.21608/mjae.2010.105836 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“4) insufficient or slow packing (Pitt, 1983; O'donnell et al., 1997; Ashbell et al., 2002 and Mills and KungJr, 2002).”
Background
- Authors
- Pitt, R. E.
- Corresponding author
- R. E. Pitt
- Venue
- Transactions of the ASAE
- Published
- 1983
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1522-1527
- ISSN
- 0001-2351 (ISSN-L)
- 2151-0059
- OpenAlex
- W2049698491
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2018: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Transactions of the ASAE (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Agricultural Engineering and Mechanization
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Crop Yield and Soil Fertility
- Keywords
- forage density, bunker silos, aerobic respiration, air entrainment, forage fermentation, mathematical prediction, dimensionless variables
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