Tauhi vā: nurturing Tongan sociospatial ties in Maui and beyond
Open accessAbstract
Although studies have shown that Tongan migrants maintain strong linkages with Tongans in Tonga as well as with their kin in New Zealand, Australia, and the United States, the Tongan concept of vā, social space, has not been used to understand Tongan transnational relations. For Tongans, vā is organized through one's genealogy and kinship ties. The concept of space is central to our understanding of transnationality because global practices involve the movement and flows of people and things within space and across spatial boundaries while people maintain sociospatial connections with one another. Tongans generally view reciprocal exchanges, whether within Tonga or transnational, as tauhi vā: taking care of sociospatial ties with kin and kin-like members. In this article, I explore the concept of vā and the practice of tauhi vā primarily through my research among Tongans in Maui, Hawai'i, as well as my experience with Tongans in Seattle, Washington. I argue that vā and tauhi vā provide us with new spatial concepts for framing our understanding of Tongan transnationality.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This article argues that Tongan transnationality is organized through *vā*, the sociospatial space between people, and *tauhi vā*, the practice of nurturing those ties. Through ethnographic encounters in Maui and Seattle, Ka‘ili shows how genealogy, *kāinga*, *fonua*, churches, and tourist-economy exchanges reproduce Tongan social space across distance.
Key findings
- *Tauhi vā* is a core Tongan value and practice—caring for sociospatial relations—that the author adds to Evans’s three principles of ‘ofa, faka‘apa‘apa, and fetokoni‘aki in organizing transnational exchange.
- Tongans in Maui use *kāinga* and *fonua* genealogies to create *vā* in the tourist economy: tiki carvers receive free wood from Tongan tree-trimmers, send remittances to Tonga, and rely on kin in Tonga to supply carvings; one clerk reported US$1.00 was worth $2.64 Tongan pa‘anga, and tourists paid $3.00 for green coconuts that Tongan vendors often gave free to related Tongans.
- Official statistics show Maui’s Tongan population rose from 631 in 1990 to 1,269 in 2000, making Tongans second only to Native Hawaiians as the largest Pacific Islander group in Maui; the paper also notes 12 separate Tongan congregations in Maui.
- Churches create *kāingalotu* ties that are kin-like and reinforce *vā*; Tongan carvers and Native Hawaiians also recreate *vā/wā* by exchanging tiki-carving skills for tiki names and oral stories.
Methods
- Ethnographic fieldwork and participant observation, primarily on Maui in summer 2002, with earlier research experience in Seattle as a Tongan researcher on Project Talanoa, an NIH-funded HIV-prevention study for US Pacific Islander adolescents.
- Data come from encounters and interviews at markets, carving stands, churches, and a Western Union counter, as well as genealogical recitations and participation in Tongan social events; no formal sample size or survey design is stated.
- Analysis is conceptual and ethnographic, using *vā* and *tauhi vā* as spatial categories to reinterpret Tongan transnational relations.
Limitations
- The paper states that *tauhi vā* has limits: it requires time, energy, and resources, some Tongans are selective about nurturing social spaces, and Sifa’s remittance obligations keep him “chained” to his tiki-carving business and unable to visit relatives in the continental United States.
- Evident from the text: the study relies heavily on the author’s personal genealogical position and anecdotal encounters, with no systematic sampling, formal interview count, or quantitative measures beyond cited census and exchange-rate figures.
- Evident from the text: findings are concentrated in Maui and Seattle and may not represent all Tongan transnational communities.
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- Findingreasoning§ Tauhi vä among Käingalotu in Maui
In many cases in Maui, the mere genealogical connection to Tonga itself (the fonua for all Tongans) is sufficient to create sociospatial ties between Tongans.
“In many cases in Maui, the mere genealogical connection to Tonga itself (the fonua for all Tongans) is sufficient to create sociospatial ties between Tongans.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The author's personal experiences and interactions with Tongans in Seattle and Maui are representative of broader Tongan transnational practices.
- Findingown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
When the author's Tongan participants located genealogical connections with the author, they were more willing to help with the author's research.
“Over time it became clear to me that when my Tongan participants located genealogical connections with me, they were more willing to help with my research.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The author's personal experiences and interactions with Tongans in Seattle and Maui are representative of broader Tongan transnational practices.
- Findingreasoning§ Tauhi vä among Käingalotu in Maui
In Maui, Tongans creatively and strategically establish genealogical connections, through käinga and fonua, as a way of socially organizing space to create vä with others.
“In Maui, Tongans creatively and strategically establish genealogical connections, through käinga and fonua, as a way of socially organizing space to create vä with others.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The author's personal experiences and interactions with Tongans in Seattle and Maui are representative of broader Tongan transnational practices.
- Findingreasoning§ Tauhi vä among Käingalotu in Maui
Within the commercial and tourist environment of Maui, Tongans strategically use their genealogy to organize culturally meaningful connecting spaces.
“Within the commercial and tourist environment of Maui, Tongans strategically use their genealogy to organize culturally meaningful connecting spaces.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The author's personal experiences and interactions with Tongans in Seattle and Maui are representative of broader Tongan transnational practices.
- Findingnone given§ Tauhi vä among Käingalotu in Maui
Often, when Tongans are not able to identify a käinga genealogical link, they use a connection through fonua, which includes kolo (village) or motu (island), to organize a vä with another Tongan.
“Often, when Tongans are not able to identify a käinga genealogical link, they use a connection through fonua, which includes kolo (village) or motu (island), to organize a vä with another Tongan.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The author's personal experiences and interactions with Tongans in Seattle and Maui are representative of broader Tongan transnational practices.
- Findingown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
In Maui, Sifa, a Tongan from Vava'u, receives most of his carving wood, free of charge, from Tongan tree-trimmers who are also from Vava'u.
“In Maui, Sifa, a Tongan from Vava'u, receives most of his carving wood, free of charge, from Tongan tree-trimmers who are also from Vava'u.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
The tree-trimmers take special care to identify certain trees (monkey pod and milo) and cut them in appropriate sizes for tiki and wood carvings.
“The tree-trimmers even take special care to identify certain trees (ie, monkey pod and milo) and cut them in appropriate sizes for tiki and wood carvings.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
The willingness of many Seattle Tongans to participate in the author's research was motivated, in part, by their desire to maintain vä with the author and the author's family.
“I soon realized that the willingness of many Seattle Tongans to participate in my research was motivated, in part, by their desire to maintain vä with me and my family (Ka'ili and McGrath 2001).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Ka'ili and McGrath 2001
Not checked in the free run.
- Rests on an assumption: The author's personal experiences and interactions with Tongans in Seattle and Maui are representative of broader Tongan transnational practices.
- Findingown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
After cutting trees, the tree-trimmers give their wood to Sifa so that he can use it to make his tiki and other carvings.
“After cutting trees, the tree-trimmers give their wood to Sifa so that he can use it to make his tiki and other carvings.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
In most of the author's first interview meetings, the author's genealogy was the critical piece of information Seattle Tongans wanted to know.
“In most of my first interview meetings, my genealogy was the critical piece of information Seattle Tongans wanted to know.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The author's personal experiences and interactions with Tongans in Seattle and Maui are representative of broader Tongan transnational practices.
- Findingreasoning§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
Sifa has never visited his relatives in the continental United States because he lacks the money.
“For example, Sifa has never visited his relatives in the continental United States because he lacks the money.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
In turn, much of the profit from the tiki sales is remitted to support relatives in Tonga.
“In turn, much of the profit from the tiki sales is remitted to support relatives in Tonga.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
Sifa reported that his relatives in Tonga send him tiki and other Tongan handicrafts (e.g., fans, baskets) on a regular basis.
“Sifa reported that his relatives in Tonga send him tiki and other Tongan handicrafts (eg, fans, baskets) on a regular basis.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
Some of the tiki carvers that the author interviewed started out by working as wood-carvers for hotel and resort lū'au.
“Some of the tiki carvers that I interviewed started out by working as wood-carvers for hotel and resort lü'au.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
This move to establish their own businesses created another problem, namely, loss of medical coverage.
“This move to establish their own businesses, however, created another problem, namely, loss of medical coverage.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
One carver solved this problem by having his wife work as a housekeeping maid in a hotel so that they could maintain medical coverage.
“One carver solved this problem by having his wife work as a housekeeping maid in a hotel so that they could maintain medical coverage.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
Carvers utilize their vā with their kin members and fellow villagers in Tonga to supply them with needed quotas of tiki.
“Carvers utilize their vä with their kin members and fellow villagers in Tonga to supply them with needed quotas of tiki.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
They then began to establish their own carving businesses, relying mainly on other Tongans (such as tree-trimmers) as wood suppliers.
“They then began to establish their own carving businesses, relying mainly on other Tongans (such as tree-trimmers) as wood suppliers.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
Maui Tongans reported to the author that there are now twelve separate Tongan kāingalotu (congregations) in Maui.
“Maui Tongans reported to me that there are now twelve separate Tongan käingalotu (congregations) in Maui.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
In the early 1980s, when the number of Tongans in Maui was relatively small, all Tongans, regardless of denomination, held Sunday services together in the same chapel.
“In the early 1980s, when the number of Tongans in Maui was relatively small, all Tongans, regardless of denomination, held Sunday services together in the same chapel.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
Over time, as each Tongan denomination increased in size, they separated into their various church buildings.
“Over time, as each Tongan denomination increased in size, they separated into their various church buildings.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
Some Native Hawaiians have the knowledge about the names and stories about the tiki-gods but have forgotten the tiki-carving skills.
“On the other hand, some Native Hawaiians have the knowledge about the names and stories about the tiki-gods but have forgotten the tiki-carving skills.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
Many of the Tongan carvers possess the skills of tiki carving but lack detailed knowledge about the names and oral stories relating to the tiki.
“For example, many of the Tongan carvers possess the skills of tiki carving but lack detailed knowledge about the names and oral stories relating to the tiki.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisenone given§ Abstract
None of the existing studies have examined the influence of the Tongan notion of social space in organizing Tongan transnational relations.
“none of the studies have examined the influence of the Tongan notion of social space in organizing Tongan transnational relations.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ More recently, Mike Evans presented a study of Tongan gift exchange in his book, Persistence of the Gift: Tongan Tradition in Transnational Context
For Tongans overseas who are related, no matter how far apart they are dispersed in physical space, they can still be sociospatially connected to one another through genealogy.
“For Tongans overseas who are related, no matter how far apart they are dispersed in physical space, they can still be sociospatially connected to one another through genealogy.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Tauhi vä among Käingalotu in Maui
Since the advent of Christianity in Tonga, churches have become a central part of Tongan life.
“Since the advent of Christianity in Tonga, churches have become a central part of Tongan life.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Evans 2001
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation§ Tauhi vä among Käingalotu in Maui
The significance of the church becomes even more important in the organization of social spaces in Tongan overseas communities.
“The significance of the church becomes even more important in the organization of social spaces in Tongan overseas communities (Lee 2003, 41-45;Morton 1998;Small 1997, 70).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Lee 2003
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Morton 1998
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Small 1997
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning§ More recently, Mike Evans presented a study of Tongan gift exchange in his book, Persistence of the Gift: Tongan Tradition in Transnational Context
Sociality and spatiality are linked together in Tongan social ontology.
“This suggests that sociality and spatiality are linked together in Tongan social ontology.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ More recently, Mike Evans presented a study of Tongan gift exchange in his book, Persistence of the Gift: Tongan Tradition in Transnational Context
In Tonga, käinga members are conceptualized as a product of weaving.
“In fact, in Tonga, käinga members are conceptualized as a product of weaving.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Rogers 1977
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisenone given§ Studies on Tongan Transnationality
Almost no academic attention has been given to vä, the Moanan notion of space.
“Although Moanan cultural concepts such as mana and tapu have been studied and analyzed by anthropologists, linguists, and historians, almost no academic attention has been given to vä, the Moanan notion of space.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ More recently, Mike Evans presented a study of Tongan gift exchange in his book, Persistence of the Gift: Tongan Tradition in Transnational Context
For Tongans, human relationships are both socially and spatially constituted.
“Thus, for Tongans, human relationships are both socially and spatially constituted.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Tauhi vä among Käingalotu in Maui
For early Moana people, genealogical ties kept people spatially connected to one another.
“For early Moana people, genealogical ties kept people spatially connected to one another.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kame'eleihiwa 1992
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
In Maui, tauhi vā among kāinga members is manifested in multiple ways, apparent even to non-Tongans living in Maui.
“In Maui, tauhi vä among käinga members is manifested in multiple ways, as is apparent even to non-Tongans living in Maui.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Tauhi vä among Käingalotu in Maui
Tauhi vä is a spatial practice of reaffirming harmonious sociospatial relations with kin in order to create culturally meaningful life for diasporic Tongans.
“In addition, tauhi vä is a spatial practice of reaffirming harmonious sociospatial relations with kin in order to create culturally meaningful life for diasporic Tongans.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
The author found Rita's observation to be true in the relationship between Sifa and some Tongan tree-trimmers.
“I found her observation to be true in the relationship between Sifa and some of the Tongan tree-trimmers.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
Sending money to Tongan relatives in Tonga, New Zealand, and Australia is a major part of the transnational tauhi vā process for Tongans in Maui.
“Sending money to Tongan relatives in Tonga, New Zealand, and Australia is a major part of the transnational tauhi vä process for Tongans in Maui.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
The migration of Tongans to Maui represents a Tongan strategy of securing resources for tauhi vä with kin who are in Tonga and other countries.
“The migration of Tongans to Maui represents a Tongan strategy of securing resources for tauhi vä with kin who are in Tonga and other countries.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The author's personal experiences and interactions with Tongans in Seattle and Maui are representative of broader Tongan transnational practices.
- Interpretationnone given§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
When they send remittances to relatives, Tongans are participating in transnational tauhi vā with kin who are living in Tonga and other countries such as Australia, New Zealand, and the continental United States.
“When they send remittances to relatives, Tongans are participating in transnational tauhi vä with kin who are living in Tonga and other countries such as Australia, New Zealand, and the continental United States.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
Tongans in Maui, like Sifa, actively use their knowledge of sociospatial ties to succeed in Maui's tourist economy.
“Tongans in Maui, like Sifa, actively use their knowledge of sociospatial ties to succeed in Maui's tourist economy.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
Tiki carvers and tree-trimmers practice tauhi vā with one another.
“Tiki carvers and tree-trimmers practice tauhi vä with one another.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
In summary, Tongans in Maui actively participate in tauhi vā with their kāinga.
“In summary, Tongans in Maui actively participate in tauhi vä with their käinga.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
The demands of tauhi vā keep Sifa 'chained' to his tiki-carving business.
“In other words, the demands of tauhi vä keep Sifa “chained” to his tiki-carving business.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
Within the context of Maui's tourist economy, vā organized on the basis of fonua genealogy emerges as a powerful force for creating sociospatial business networks for Tongans.
“Within the context of Maui's tourist economy, vä organized on the basis of fonua genealogy emerges as a powerful force for creating sociospatial business networks for Tongans.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
A genealogical connection to the same fonua takes on more significance in Maui, especially when biological kin members are not always available.
“A genealogical connection to the same fonua takes on more significance in Maui, especially when biological kin members are not always available.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
Because Sifa continues to send his money to Tonga, he will always have a difficult time saving enough spending money to visit his relatives in the continental United States.
“Because Sifa continues to send his money to Tonga, he will always have a difficult time saving enough spending money to visit his relatives in the continental United States.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
By relying on tauhi vā with Tongan tree-trimmers and relatives in Tonga, tiki carvers are able to realize a relatively good income from their tiki sales.
“By relying on tauhi vä with Tongan tree-trimmers and relatives in Tonga, tiki carvers are able to realize a relatively good income from their tiki sales.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
With the tiki carvers and the tree-trimmers, their vā is created not only out of kāinga genealogy but also, in many cases, out of their fonua genealogy.
“With the tiki carvers and the tree-trimmers, their vä is created not only out of käinga genealogy but also, in many cases, out of their fonua genealogy.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
Because the practice of tauhi vā requires a lot of time, energy, and resources, some Tongans in Maui are selective about nurturing social spaces with others.
“Because the practice of tauhi vä requires a lot of time, energy, and resources, some Tongans in Maui are selective about nurturing social spaces with others.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
Sifa's sociospatial ties to his kin in Tonga are maintained even at a price.
“Here we can see that Sifa's sociospatial ties to his kin in Tonga are maintainedeven at a price.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
Sometimes the practice of tauhi vā is so demanding that Tongans are working all the time to take care of their social spaces with their kin.
“Sometimes the practice of tauhi vä is so demanding that Tongans are working all the time to take care of their social spaces with their kin.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
The genealogicallike linking of kāingalotu members creates vā among them.
“The genealogicallike linking of käingalotu members creates vä among them.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
The vā of church members is created by their common membership in a congregation.
“The vä of church members is created by their common membership in a congregation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
Often in the context of churches, kāingalotu ties are woven together with kāinga and fonua genealogy to create one's vā with other members.
“Often in the context of churches, käingalotu ties are woven together with käinga and fonua genealogy to create one's vä with other members.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
In short, churches create a space for maintaining and reinforcing kinship connections and relationship.
“In short, churches create a space for maintaining and reinforcing kinship connections and relationship.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
The practice of tauhi vā also appears in certain interactions between Tongan carvers and some Native Hawaiians.
“The practice of tauhi vä also appears in certain interactions between Tongan carvers and some Native Hawaiians.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
Membership in Tongan churches creates important sociospatial ties for Tongans in Maui.
“Membership in Tongan churches creates important sociospatial ties for Tongans in Maui.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
Within this sociospatial connection, tauhi vā occurs among church members.
“Within this sociospatial connection, tauhi vä occurs among church members.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
Kāingalotu are linked in a genealogicallike manner to one another because they are being nourished by fellow members and a common religious space.
“Käingalotu are linked in a genealogicallike manner to one another because they are being nourished by fellow members and a common religious space.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
While talking to carvers, the author came to the realization that Tongans and Native Hawaiians are recreating a vā for themselves based on their belief that all Moanans originate from common ancestors.
“While talking to carvers I came to the realization that Tongans and Native Hawaiians are recreating a vä for themselves based on their belief that all Moanans originate from common ancestors.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
By using vā and tauhi vā as conceptual categories, we are able to identify the centrality of hohoko (genealogy) in organizing space and establishing vā.
“By using vä and tauhi vä as conceptual categories, we are also able to identify the centrality of hohoko (genealogy) in organizing space and establishing vä.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
By linking themselves to common ancestors, Tongans and Native Hawaiians locate their genealogical connections, which create (reestablish) a vā/wā between them.
“By linking themselves to common ancestors, Tongans and Native Hawaiians locate their genealogical connections, which create (reestablish) a vä /wä between them.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.
Within this context, Tongans and Native Hawaiians attempt to piece together elements of the early Moanan culture from the pieces that each group possesses.
“Within this context, Tongans and Native Hawaiians attempt to piece together elements of the early Moanan culture from the pieces that each group possesses.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 63
- May combine two claims. 33
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.In that time, Sifa has been sending a substantial amount of his money to Tonga to support his relatives.
“In that time, Sifa has been sending a substantial amount of his money to Tonga to support his relatives.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingreasoning§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.Sifa and these tree-trimmers are genealogically related to one another as members of the same fonua-the island of Vava'u.
“Sifa and these tree-trimmers are genealogically related to one another as members of the same fonua-the island of Vava'u.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.Rita, a Filipino woman who has helped many Tongans apply for immigration visas, told the author that Tongans in Maui are excelling in school and business because they take care and help one another.
“Rita, a Filipino woman who has helped many Tongans to apply for immigration visas, told me that Tongans in Maui are excelling in school and business because “they take care and help one another.””
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.Sifa told the author that he regularly attends Tongan kalapu (fundraising events) held by some of the trimmers to donate money-which is Sifa's way of enacting tauhi vā with many of the tree-trimmers.
“Sifa told me that he regularly attends Tongan kalapu (fundraising events) held by some of the trimmers to donate money-which is Sifa's way of enacting tauhi vä with many of the tree-trimmers.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.A Western Union clerk said that by far they send more money to the Philippines and Tonga.
“Without hesitation, the clerk said, “By far, we send more money to the Philippines and Tonga.””
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.Sifa has been making tiki in Maui for twenty years.
“In a similar manner, Sifa, the wood-carver, has been making tiki in Maui for twenty years.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.Rita said she felt that Tongans in Maui have a strong camaraderie among themselves, and that Tongans care about kin members first and foremost before making money or profit.
“In her many interactions with Tongans on the island, she said she felt that they have a strong “camaraderie” among themselves, and that Tongans care about kin members, first and foremost, before making money or profit.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.The clerk reported that Tongans not only send money to their relatives in Tonga, but also to their relatives in New Zealand and Australia, and occasionally to family members on the continental United States.
“The clerk also reported that Tongans not only send money to their relatives in Tonga, but also to their relatives in New Zealand and Australia, and occasionally to family members on the continental United States.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.Sālote told the author that her relatives live with her for free while they send a good portion of their money to their kin in Tonga.
“Sälote told me that her relatives live with her for free while they send a good portion of their money to their kin in Tonga.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingreasoning§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.Tree trimming is a profitable work and a major source of income for Tongans in Maui.
“Tree trimming is a profitable work and a major source of income for Tongans in Maui.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.Seattle Tongans performed tauhi vä in the form of providing the author with important information for the author's research as well as offering the author food on many occasions.
“Seattle Tongans performed tauhi vä in the form of providing me with important information for my research as well as offering me food on many occasions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The author's personal experiences and interactions with Tongans in Seattle and Maui are representative of broader Tongan transnational practices.
May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.In Maui, once Tongans established genealogical ties with the author, they generally practiced tauhi vä with the author in the form of sharing their food, even though they charged everyone else, especially tourists.
“whether in the Farmers Market or Maui Swap Meet, once Tongans established our genealogical ties, they generally practiced tauhi vä with me in the form of sharing their food (green coconuts, ripe bananas, etc), even though they charged everyone elseespecially the tourists.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The author's personal experiences and interactions with Tongans in Seattle and Maui are representative of broader Tongan transnational practices.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.Sifa is content that he is able to practice tauhi vā with his relatives in Tonga by regularly sending them money from his tiki business.
“For now, Sifa is content that he is able to practice tauhi vä with his relatives in Tonga by regularly sending them money from his tiki business.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.Sifa came to Maui in the early 1980s and has never been to the continental United States.
“Sifa came to Maui in the early 1980s and has never been to the continental United States.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.Some carvers reported to the author that they have taken over the hand-carved tiki market in Maui.
“Some carvers reported to me that they have taken over the hand-carved tiki market in Maui.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Findingnone given§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.According to Maka, another carver, Tongans are unique in primarily hand-carving the tiki they sell to tourists.
“According to Maka, another carver, Tongans are unique in primarily hand-carving the tiki they sell to tourists.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.After years of this type of work, they quit because most of the profit from the tiki sales went to the hotels and resorts.
“After years of this type of work, they quit because most of the profit from the tiki sales went to the hotels and resorts.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingreasoning§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.Kin members in Tonga carve tiki, pack them in sacks, and send them by plane to their kin in Maui to be sold to tourists.
“Kin members in Tonga carve tiki, pack them in sacks, and send them by plane to their kin in Maui to be sold to tourists.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.Sifa works six days a week as a carver in order to make enough money to send to Tonga as well as to support himself in Maui.
“He works six days a week as a carver in order to make enough money to send to Tonga as well as to support himself in Maui.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.Sifa's relatives have used the money to build a family house, pay school fees, buy a car, and even as misinale (church donations).
“His relatives have used the money to build a family house, pay school fees, buy a car, and even as misinale (church donations).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.The way 'Api treated the author was repeated many times in his interactions with other Tongans who were members of his kāingalotu.
“The way 'Api treated me was repeated many times in my interactions with other Tongans who were members of my käingalotu.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.After the author introduced himself, a lady stood up and introduced herself by connecting her genealogy to his genealogy.
“After I introduced myself, a lady stood up and introduced herself by connecting her genealogy to my genealogy.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.After the church service, several church members from Kolonga and Neiafu came and greeted each other with fe'iloaki.
“After the church service, several church members from Kolonga and Neiafu came and we greeted each other with fe'iloaki.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingnone given§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.The first time the author attended a Tongan church in Lahaina, Maui, he got up during the service and introduced himself by giving his genealogy.
“The first time I attended a Tongan church in Lahaina, Maui, I got up during the service and introduced myself by giving my genealogy.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.Tuki not only fed the author every Sunday, but also invited him to stay with him and offered his pickup truck for him to use in his travels to conduct research interviews.
“Tuki not only fed me every Sunday, but also invited me to stay with him and offered his pickup truck for me to use in my travels to conduct my research interviews.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.The most visible Tongan churches are the Tongan United Methodist churches.
“The most visible Tongan churches are the Tongan United Methodist churches.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.Tuki said to the author, 'Manatu'i, ko ho'o ha'u pē mei 'api ki 'api' (Don't forget, my home is your home).
“One Sunday, after we had dinner at this house, he said to me in the most sincere tone, “Manatu'i, ko ho'o ha'u pë mei 'api ki 'api” (Don't forget, my home is your home).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.She told the congregation that they were related through the author's mother-his Neiafu, Vava'u, genealogy.
“She told the congregation that we were related through my mother-my Neiafu, Vava'u, genealogy.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingnone given§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.The author had heard from other Tongans in Maui that many of the Tongans in Lahaina were originally from Kolonga (his paternal grandfather's village in Tonga).
“I had heard from other Tongans in Maui that many of the Tongans in Lahaina were originally from Kolonga (my paternal grandfather's village in Tonga).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.Tuki, another Tongan from the church the author attended, picked him up for church every Sunday and always invited him for dinner after church.
“In Wailuku (the town where I stayed in Maui), Tuki, another Tongan from the church that I attended, picked me up for church every Sunday and always invited me for dinner after church.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.They talked about their family members and they invited the author to their house for dinner.
“We then talked about our family members and they invited me to their house for dinner.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.Once 'Api knew their kāingalotu ties, he immediately offered to pick the author up for church and invited him to have dinner at his house after church one Sunday.
“Once 'Api knew our käingalotu ties, he immediately offered to pick me up for church and invited me to have dinner at his house after church one Sunday.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.In Maui, the author became aware of his vā with his fellow kāingalotu when he met 'Api for the first time at one of Lahaina's tourist markets.
“In Maui, I became aware of my vä with my fellow käingalotu when I met 'Api for the first time at one of Lahaina's tourist markets.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingnone given§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.In Seattle, the author works together with Kalama and Haulani-both from the island of Maui-on several projects for Moanans in Seattle and elsewhere in the United States.
“In Seattle, I work together with Kalama and Haulaniboth from the island of Maui-on several projects for Moanans in Seattle and elsewhere in the United States.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingreasoning§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.In Maui, Tongan carvers learn the tiki names and stories from their Native Hawaiian friends, and in return, Tongans share some of their tiki-carving skills with their Native Hawaiian friends.
“In Maui, Tongan carvers learn the tiki names and stories from their Native Hawaiian friends, and in return, Tongans share some of their tiki-carving skills with their Native Hawaiian friends.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.The practice of tauhi vā between Tongans and Native Hawaiians also appears in other areas; for instance, some carvers told the author that Tongans are working together with some of their Native Hawaiian friends to revive cultural practices relating to drinking kava and making tapa.
“The practice of tauhi vä between Tongans and Native Hawaiians also appears in other areas; for instance, some carvers told me that Tongans are working together with some of their Native Hawaiian friends to revive cultural practices relating to drinking kava and making tapa.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingnone given§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.The author keeps in contact with Tuki via e-mail messages, and also sent him and 'Api an invitation to his wedding last year.
“I keep in contact with Tuki via e-mail messages, and I also sent him and 'Api an invitation to my wedding last year.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Studies on Tongan TransnationalitySmall found that almost every household in the family's home village had someone living overseas, mostly in New Zealand, Australia, and the United States.
“Small found that almost every household in the family's home village had someone living overseas-mostly in New Zealand, Australia, and the United States.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Small 1997
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Premisenone given§ AbstractSpace, as well as time, is fundamental to our understanding of transnationality.
“In the case of global relations, space (as well as time) is fundamental to our understanding of transnationality.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ AbstractRecent studies have shown that Tongans maintain strong linkages with other Tongans in the homeland and with their kin in New Zealand, Australia, and the United States.
“Although recent studies have shown that Tongans maintain strong linkages with other Tongans in the homeland and with their kin in New Zealand, Australia, and the United States (Evans 2001;Small 1997;Lee 2003)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Evans 2001
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Small 1997
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Lee 2003
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Premisereasoning§ AbstractSpace is central to understanding transnational practices because they involve movement and flows of people within and across spatial boundaries while maintaining sociospatial connections.
“Space is central to this understanding, because transnational practices involve the movement and flows of people within space and across spatial boundaries while the people maintain sociospatial connections with one another, in the homeland or abroad.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Premisereasoning§ More recently, Mike Evans presented a study of Tongan gift exchange in his book, Persistence of the Gift: Tongan Tradition in Transnational ContextIn tauhi vä, vä is connected to all four dimensions, but it is primarily based on the social dimension of vä.
“In tauhi vä, vä is connected to all four dimensions, but it is primarily based on the social dimension of vä.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ More recently, Mike Evans presented a study of Tongan gift exchange in his book, Persistence of the Gift: Tongan Tradition in Transnational ContextMähina has categorized four main dimensions of vä: physical, social, intellectual, and symbolic.
“Mähina has categorized four main dimensions of vä: physical, social, intellectual, and symbolic (Mähina, pers comm, 6 Nov 2002).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Mähina, pers comm, 6 Nov 2002
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ More recently, Mike Evans presented a study of Tongan gift exchange in his book, Persistence of the Gift: Tongan Tradition in Transnational ContextTongans describe extended family members who are tightly knit and socially close to one another as väofi, literally spatially near to one another.
“Tongans describe extended family members who are tightly knit and socially close to one another as väofi (literally, spatially near to one another).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ More recently, Mike Evans presented a study of Tongan gift exchange in his book, Persistence of the Gift: Tongan Tradition in Transnational ContextFor käinga members, vä encompasses the sociospatial ties that are created among käinga who are genealogically woven together.
“For käinga members, vä encompasses the sociospatial ties that are created among käinga who are genealogically woven together.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ More recently, Mike Evans presented a study of Tongan gift exchange in his book, Persistence of the Gift: Tongan Tradition in Transnational ContextThrough hohoko, käinga members are socially and spatially joined.
“Through hohoko, käinga members are socially and spatially joined.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ More recently, Mike Evans presented a study of Tongan gift exchange in his book, Persistence of the Gift: Tongan Tradition in Transnational ContextThis connection to the land is not unique to Tongans; similar relationships are found among other Moanans.
“This connection to the land is not unique to Tongans; similar relationships are found among other Moanans.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ More recently, Mike Evans presented a study of Tongan gift exchange in his book, Persistence of the Gift: Tongan Tradition in Transnational ContextFor Hawaiians, mälama 'äina is a cultural value and practice of serving and caring for their ancestral land.
“For Hawaiians, mälama 'äina is a cultural value and practice of serving and caring for their ancestral land.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Trask 1993
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ More recently, Mike Evans presented a study of Tongan gift exchange in his book, Persistence of the Gift: Tongan Tradition in Transnational ContextMälama 'äina means cultivating and husbanding the land; in return, the land will feed and provide for Hawaiians.
“Mälama 'äina means cultivating and husbanding the land; in return, the land will feed and provide for Hawaiians (Trask 1993, 186).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Trask 1993
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ More recently, Mike Evans presented a study of Tongan gift exchange in his book, Persistence of the Gift: Tongan Tradition in Transnational ContextTahitians also have a reciprocal relationship with their land.
“Miriam Kahn found that Tahitians also have a reciprocal relationship with their land.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kahn 2000
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ Studies on Tongan TransnationalityAccording to Small, reciprocal exchanges appear to be a crucial cultural practice for maintaining relationships between Tongans in the homeland and their kin overseas.
“According to Small, reciprocal exchanges appear to be a crucial cultural practice for maintaining relationships between Tongans in the homeland and their kin overseas.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Small 1997
Not checked in the free run.
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Premisecitation§ Studies on Tongan TransnationalityWith tightening economic conditions, land shortage, and scarcity of jobs in Tonga, overseas migration has become an avenue for locating new resources to fulfill kinship obligations.
“With tightening economic conditions, land shortage, and scarcity of jobs in Tonga, overseas migration has become an avenue for locating new resources to fulfill kinship obligations.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Small 1997
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.In 1990, 631 Tongans resided in Maui; by 2000, the Tongan population had doubled to 1,269, making Tongans second only to Native Hawaiians as the largest Pacific Islander group in Maui.
“In 1990, according to official statistics, 631 Tongans resided in Maui.By 2000, the Tongan population had doubled to 1,269, making Tongans second only to Native Hawaiians as the largest Pacific Islander group in Maui (State of Hawaii 2000).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites State of Hawaii 2000
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.The vā between Sifa and his trimmers is created by their fonua genealogical ties and is reinforced by the trimmers' act of sharing their woods with Sifa.
“The vä between Sifa and his trimmers is created by their fonua genealogical ties and is reinforced by the trimmers' act of sharing their woods with Sifa.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationreasoning§ Tauhi vä among Käingalotu in MauiIn Maui's transnational world, the willingness of Tongans to allocate a significant portion of their resources to sustain social relations with geographically distant relatives points to their commitment to practicing tauhi vä.
“In Maui's transnational world, the willingness of Tongans to allocate a significant portion of their resources to sustain social relations with geographically distant relatives points to their commitment to practicing tauhi vä.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The author's personal experiences and interactions with Tongans in Seattle and Maui are representative of broader Tongan transnational practices.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.Since tree trimming provided relatively good income for Tongans, the original Tongan families who migrated to Maui began a chain of kin-based migration; they brought many of their relatives to Maui to work for their tree-trimming businesses.
“Since tree trimming provided relatively good income for Tongans, the original Tongan families who migrated to Maui began a chain of kin-based migration; they brought many of their relatives to Maui to work for their tree-trimming businesses.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ Tauhi vä among Käingalotu in MauiBecause vä can be organized and reorganized, it is dynamic and fluid, changing all the time in response to other formations of space.
“Because vä can be organized and reorganized, it is dynamic and fluid, changing all the time in response to other formations of space.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationreasoning§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.Because tiki are in high demand by tourists, the tiki carvers must resort to creative means to keep their carving stands well stocked.
“Because tiki are in such high demand by the tourists, the tiki carvers must resort to creative means to keep their carving stands well stocked.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationreasoning§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.Because a good portion of Sifa's money goes back to Tonga, it is difficult for him to save enough to visit his relatives on the continental United States.
“Because a good portion of his money goes back to Tonga, it is difficult for him to save enough to visit his relatives on the continental United States, although he hopes to do so one day.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.The practice of tauhi vā, with genealogical roots in kāinga or fonua, serves both to benefit Tongans and to reinforce sociospatial ties with kin members in Maui and beyond.
“The practice of tauhi vä, with genealogical roots in käinga or fonua, serves both to benefit Tongans and to reinforce sociospatial ties with kin members in Maui and beyond.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone given§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.These Tongan networks also appear in other overseas Tongan communities.
“These Tongan networks also appear in other overseas Tongan communities.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.Craig Janes claimed that ethnic Samoan churches are the most important institutions for integrating dispersed Samoan kindred (1990, 77).
“In his study of Samoans in urban California, Craig Janes claimed that ethnic Samoan churches are the most important institutions for integrating dispersed Samoan kindred (1990, 77).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Janes 1990
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.Several studies on Samoan communities in the United States indicate that churches are a central part of Samoan lives.
“Similarly, several studies on Samoan communities in the United States indicate that churches are a central part of Samoan lives.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone given§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.In Maui, this was also the case with Tongan kāingalotu groups.
“In Maui, this was also the case with Tongan käingalotu groups.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.Church activities bring 'āiga together, and include not only weekly Sunday services but also church meetings, choir practice, youth groups, health and homemaking parties, and sporting events (McGrath 2002, 28).
“Church activities bring 'äiga together, and include not only weekly Sunday services but also church meetings, choir practice, youth groups, health and homemaking parties, and sporting events (McGrath 2002, 28).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites McGrath 2002
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.The use of the word kāingalotu (kāinga: kin; lotu: religion) to denote a Tongan congregation makes explicit the kin-like ties among congregation members.
“The use of the word käingalotu (käinga: kin; lotu: religion) to denote a Tongan congregation makes explicit the kin-like ties among congregation members.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.Joan Ablon noted a correlation between church attendance and frequency of interaction among Samoan kin members in California (1971, 80).
“Even as early as the 1970s, Joan Ablon noted a correlation between church attendance and frequency of interaction among Samoan kin members in California (1971, 80).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Ablon 1971
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.Tuki was telling the author that he was no stranger but a member of his kāinga (in the kāingalotu sense).
“Basically, Tuki was telling me that I was no stranger but a member of his käinga (in the käingalotu sense).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.McGrath reported in her study of Samoans in Seattle that churches teach Samoan children about their connection to their 'āiga and community (2002, 11).
“More recently, McGrath reported in her study of Samoans in Seattle that churches teach Samoan children about their connection to their 'äiga and community (2002, 11).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites McGrath 2002
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationnone given§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.This is how the author practices tauhi vā with the kānaka 'öiwi (indigenous people) of Maui.
“This is how I practice tauhi vä with the känaka 'öiwi (indigenous people) of Maui.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.The concept of vā and the practice of tauhi vā provide new spatial concepts for framing understanding of Tongan transnationality and the ways transnational relations reaffirm connected social spaces among Tongans.
“We can see that the concept of vä and the practice of tauhi vä provide us with new spatial concepts for framing our understanding of Tongan transnationality and the ways transnational relations reaffirm connected social spaces among Tongans.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.According to Hau'ofa, the transnational flow of goods among Pacific Islanders depends on an informal movement along ancient routes drawn in bloodlines (1994, 156).
“According to Hau'ofa, the transnational flow of goods among Pacific Islanders “depends on an informal movement along ancient routes drawn in bloodlines” (1994, 156).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hau'ofa 1994
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationcitation§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.The author thinks that his ancestor Maui must have moved along ancient routes marked by genealogical lines.
“As I think more about my ancestor Maui, and his ability to maintain social and spatial ties with all of the dispersed people of Moana nui, it seems clear to me that he must have moved along ancient routes marked by genealogical lines.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.To the author, this reciprocal exchange of knowledge and skills is a form of tauhi vā.
“To me, this reciprocal exchange of knowledge and skills is a form of tauhi vä.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationown data§ 26 I am aware that the Hawaiian term kü'ai generally means to buy, to barter, to sell, or to trade. Sifa receives his information about Hawaiian tiki from his Native Hawaiian partner.Each tiki represented the multiple layers of the author's sociospatial ties to the Tongan tiki carvers in Maui.
“While packing each tiki I realized that each tiki represented the multiple layers of my sociospatial ties to the Tongan tiki carvers in Maui.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
The author's personal experiences and interactions with Tongans in Seattle and Maui are representative of broader Tongan transnational practices.
“In Maui, once again I entered a Tongan social space.Although it was my first visit to Maui, as well as my first time to meet the Tongans there, I immediately became part of their social space.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Tongans in Maui and Seattle share a common understanding of vä and tauhi vä that the author's account accurately captures.
“In everyday conversation, tauhi vä is often defined as the Tongan value and practice of keeping good relations with kin and friends.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The historical migration dates and patterns described for Tongans in Hawai'i are accurate.
“Tongans began migrating to O'ahu, Hawai'i, in the late 1950s and early 1960s.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Many reasons for migration are linked to locally frustrated desires for socio-economic mobility linked to the lack of employment opportunities.
“While people migrate for different reasons that have also changed over time (Cowling 1990 ; Gailey 1992 ; Ka'ili 2005 ; Lee 2003 ; Small 1997 ), many of these reasons are linked to locally frustrated desires for socio-economic mobility linked to the lack of employment opportunities.”
From When gifts become commodities: pawnshops, valuables, and shame in Tonga and the Tongan diaspora (2008) · cites this paper as Ka'ili 2005
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Siope's two gifts are described differently
MinorThe account first says Siope gave the author two tiki, but later identifies the two gifts as a tiki and a dolphin carving.
“Siope, another Tongan wood-carver, also gave me two tiki.”
“At the end of our conversation, he gave me two carvings-a tiki and a dolphin-as gifts.”
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When gifts become commodities: pawnshops, valuables, and shame in Tonga and the Tongan diaspora
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- Authors
- Ka'ili, T. O.
- Venue
- The Contemporary Pacific
- Publisher
- Project MUSE
- Published
- 2005-03
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 83-114
- ISSN
- 1043-898X (ISSN-L)
- 1527-9464
- OpenAlex
- W2051702425
- Cited by
- 162
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 11.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Contemporary Pacific/The contemporary Pacific (Online) (publishedVersion)
- Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) (submittedVersion)
- ScholarSpace (University of Hawaii at Manoa) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Demography › Diaspora, migration, transnational identity
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Asian American and Pacific Histories
- Social Sciences › Demography › Island Studies and Pacific Affairs
- Keywords
- vā, social space, transnationality, kinship ties, genealogy, Tongan diaspora, Seattle, reciprocal exchange, spatial concepts
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