Factors associated with geriatric syndromes in older homeless adults
Open accessAbstract
Although older homeless adults have high rates of geriatric syndromes, risk factors for these syndromes are not known. We used multivariable regression models to estimate the association of subject characteristics with the total number of geriatric syndromes in 250 homeless adults aged 50 years and older. Geriatric syndromes included falls, cognitive impairment, frailty, major depression, sensory impairment, and urinary incontinence. A higher total number of geriatric syndromes was associated with having less than a high school education, medical comorbidities (diabetes and arthritis), alcohol and drug use problems, and difficulty performing one or more activities of daily living. Clinicians who care for older homeless patients with these characteristics should consider screening them for geriatric syndromes. Moreover, this study identifies potentially modifiable risk factors associated with the total number of geriatric syndromes in older homeless adults. This knowledge may provide targets for clinical interventions to improve the health of older homeless patients.
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Claims the paper makes
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- Findingown data
In older homeless adults, having less than a high school education is associated with a higher total number of geriatric syndromes.
“A higher total number of geriatric syndromes was associated with having less than a high school education”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Lower educational level was associated with a higher total number of geriatric syndromes among the homeless subjects”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
- Findingown data
In older homeless adults, difficulty performing one or more ADLs is associated with a higher total number of geriatric syndromes.
“A higher total number of geriatric syndromes was associated with having less than a high school education, medical comorbidities (diabetes and arthritis), alcohol and drug use problems, and difficulty performing one or more ADLs.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In bivariate ordinal logistic regression, one or more clinic visits in the past year is significantly associated with a higher total number of geriatric syndromes.
“In bivariate ordinal logistic regression analyses, the following factors were significantly associated with a higher total number of geriatric syndromes: less than a high school education, one or more clinic visits in the past year, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, arthritis, alcohol use problems, drug use problems, and ADL impairment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In older homeless adults, alcohol use problems are associated with a higher total number of geriatric syndromes.
“alcohol and drug use problems) were strongly associated with a higher total number of geriatric syndromes”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In older homeless adults, arthritis is associated with a higher total number of geriatric syndromes.
“diabetes and arthritis were associated with a higher total number of geriatric syndromes in the homeless cohort”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
In older homeless adults, diabetes is associated with a higher total number of geriatric syndromes.
“diabetes and arthritis were associated with a higher total number of geriatric syndromes in the homeless cohort”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“medical comorbidities (diabetes and arthritis)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
- Findingown data
In older homeless adults, drug use problems are associated with a higher total number of geriatric syndromes.
“alcohol and drug use problems) were strongly associated with a higher total number of geriatric syndromes”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Among older homeless adults with one geriatric syndrome, the probability of having at least one additional geriatric syndrome exceeds 85%.
“If a subject had one of six geriatric syndromes (fall, cognitive impairment, frailty, depression, sensory impairment, or urinary incontinence), the probability of having at least one additional geriatric syndrome among those six exceeded 85%.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In this cohort of older homeless adults, older age is not associated with the total number of geriatric syndromes.
“Unlike in the general population, older age in this homeless cohort was not associated with the total number of geriatric syndromes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
Rates of health insurance in this cohort were higher than in previous studies.
“However, rates of health insurance were higher than in previous studies,33 due to Massachusetts health reform, which provides subsidized health insurance to residents earning up to 300% of the federal poverty level.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
After multivariable adjustment, hypertension is not significantly associated with the total number of geriatric syndromes.
“After multivariable adjustment, all factors remained significantly associated with a higher total number of geriatric syndromes, with the exception of hypertension and clinic visit in the past year.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation
Compared to homeless adults age 50 and older in previous cohorts, subjects in this cohort had higher rates of self-reported comorbidity.
“Compared to homeless adults age 50 and older in previous cohorts, subjects in this cohort had higher rates of self-reported comorbidity;2”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Among the six characteristics significantly associated with a higher total number of geriatric syndromes after multivariable adjustment, ADL impairment, arthritis, diabetes mellitus, and drug use problems have odds ratios of 2 or higher.
“Of the six characteristics significantly associated with a higher total number of geriatric syndromes, ADL impairment, arthritis, diabetes mellitus and drug use problem all had odds ratios of 2 or higher.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In bivariate ordinal logistic regression, hypertension is significantly associated with a higher total number of geriatric syndromes.
“In bivariate ordinal logistic regression analyses, the following factors were significantly associated with a higher total number of geriatric syndromes: less than a high school education, one or more clinic visits in the past year, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, arthritis, alcohol use problems, drug use problems, and ADL impairment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
After multivariable adjustment, one or more clinic visits in the past year is not significantly associated with the total number of geriatric syndromes.
“After multivariable adjustment, all factors remained significantly associated with a higher total number of geriatric syndromes, with the exception of hypertension and clinic visit in the past year.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductown data
Because substance use was measured during the previous 30 days, the study was unable to measure the association of duration of substance use with the total number of geriatric syndromes.
“Because we measured substance use during the previous 30 days, we were unable to measure the association of duration of substance use with the total number of geriatric syndromes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductreasoning
Because only Massachusetts shelters were included, the findings may not be generalizable to other areas.
“Because we only included Massachusetts shelters, the findings may not be generalizable to other areas.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation
The subjects' demographic characteristics are similar to a nationally representative homeless cohort.
“However, the subjects’ demographic characteristics are similar to a nationally representative homeless cohort.33”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [33] Kushel MB Vittinghoff E Haas JS Factors associated with the health care utilization of homeless persons JAMA 2001 1 10 285 2 200 6 11176814
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Alcohol use problems are less prevalent in older community-dwelling and older homeless adults compared to their younger counterparts.
“For example, alcohol use problems are less prevalent in both older community-dwelling and older homeless adults compared to their younger counterparts.45,14”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [45] Blazer DG Wu LT The epidemiology of alcohol use disorders and subthreshold dependence in a middle-aged and elderly community sample Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2011 8 19 8 685 94 21785289 PMC3144522
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [14] Dietz TL Drug and alcohol use among homeless older adults: predictors of reported current and lifetime substance misuse problems in a national sample J Appl Gerontol 2009 4 28 2 235 55
Not checked in the free run.
- Study design and conductreasoning
The study had limited power to detect a significant association between certain comorbidities (e.g., stroke) and the total number of geriatric syndromes.
“Limited power may account for our inability to detect a significant association between certain comorbidities (e.g., stroke) and total number of geriatric syndromes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation
The characteristics of this cohort are similar to those of prior large cohorts of homeless adults in gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, and health status.
“The characteristics of this cohort are similar to those of prior large cohorts of homeless adults, including gender, race/ethnicity, marital33 and health status.34”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The higher rates of health insurance in this cohort are due to Massachusetts health reform, which provides subsidized health insurance to residents earning up to 300% of the federal poverty level.
“However, rates of health insurance were higher than in previous studies,33 due to Massachusetts health reform, which provides subsidized health insurance to residents earning up to 300% of the federal poverty level.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
In this cohort, the total number of geriatric syndromes was related to factors that do not increase in prevalence with older age.
“While a similar accumulation of deficits may occur in homeless adults, in this cohort total number of geriatric syndromes was related to factors that do not increase in prevalence with older age.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- May combine two claims. 9
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 9
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataAmong the six geriatric syndromes, hearing impairment and urinary incontinence are least likely to be associated with one or more additional syndromes, while MMSE impairment, TMT-B impairment, depression, and frailty are most likely.
“Among the six syndromes, hearing impairment and urinary incontinence were the least likely to be associated with one or more additional syndromes, while MMSE impairment, TMT-B impairment, depression, and frailty were most likely to be associated with one or more additional syndromes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe proportion of homeless adults with one geriatric syndrome who had one or more additional syndromes ranged from 88.2% to 98.9%, which is higher than the 48.7% to 78.7% range in the general population.
“while the proportion of subjects in the general population with one geriatric syndrome who had one or more additional syndromes ranged from 48.7% to 78.7%,7 the proportion in homeless adults was much higher, ranging from 88.2% to 98.9%.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingcitationCompared to homeless adults age 50 and older in previous cohorts, rates of functional impairment, cognitive impairment, depression, hearing impairment, and visual impairment in this cohort were generally similar to those reported previously.
“rates of functional impairment,35 cognitive impairment,36 depression,37 hearing36 and visual impairment38 were generally similar to those reported previously.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationHalf of the subjects were recruited during winter months, when only 6% of single homeless adults in Boston stay on the street.
“However, half of the subjects in this study were recruited during winter months, when only 6% of single homeless adults in Boston stay on the street.54”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataAmong 387 eligible individuals, 250 (64.6%) were recruited.
“Among the 387 eligible individuals, 250 (64.6%) subjects were recruited.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThis study confirms current knowledge about factors associated with geriatric syndromes in the general older population while revealing how these syndromes present uniquely in older homeless adults.
“This study confirms current knowledge about factors associated with geriatric syndromes in the general older population, while revealing how these syndromes present uniquely in older homeless adults.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataEligible clients who declined to participate did not differ significantly from those enrolled by observed race/ethnicity, but were older and likelier to be men.
“Eligible clients who declined to participate did not differ significantly from those enrolled by observed race/ethnicity, but were older (mean age 59.5 years, p=.002) and likelier to be men (89.8%, p=.02).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationArthritis is associated with falls in community-dwelling older adults.
“and arthritis to be associated with falls.42”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [42] Rubenstein LZ Falls in older people: Epidemiology, risk factors and strategies for prevention Age Ageing 2006 9 35 Suppl 2 ii37 41 16926202
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenUnmeasured confounders may partially account for the observed associations.
“While unmeasured confounders may partially account for the observed associations, our results are consistent with those of studies conducted in the general population.41–44,47–53”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningRecruiting from shelters could either overestimate or underestimate geriatric syndromes.
“Recruiting from shelters could either overestimate geriatric syndromes (if more functional homeless adults do not access shelters), or could underestimate syndromes (if frailer individuals are unable to seek shelter).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationIn the general older population, geriatric syndromes are thought to result from an accumulation of deficits that occurs with aging.
“In the general older population, geriatric syndromes are thought to result from an accumulation of deficits that occurs with aging.5”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] Inouye SK Studenski S Tinetti ME Geriatric syndromes: Clinical, research, and policy implications of a core geriatric concept J Am Geriatr Soc 2007 5 55 5 780 91 17493201 PMC2409147
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationLower educational level is associated with cognitive impairment in the general population.
“Lower educational level was associated with a higher total number of geriatric syndromes among the homeless subjects, and is known to be associated with cognitive impairment in the general population.39,40”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [39] Escobar JI Burnam A Karno M Use of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in a community population of mixed ethnicity: cultural and linguistic artifacts J Nerv Ment Dis 1986 10 174 10 607 14 3760851
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [40] Razani J Burciaga J Madore M Effects of acculturation on tests of attention and information processing in an ethnically diverse group Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2007 3 22 3 333 41 17298874
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationAlcohol misuse is associated with geriatric syndromes in community-dwelling older adults.
“Similar relationships between alcohol misuse and geriatric syndromes have been noted in community-dwelling older adults,47–53”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 7 sources checked- cites [47] Saunders PA Copeland JR Dewey ME Heavy drinking as a risk factor for depression and dementia in elderly men: Findings from the Liverpool longitudinal community study Br J Psychiatry 1991 8 159 213 6 1773236
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [48] Fratiglioni L Ahlbom A Viitanen M Risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease: A population-based, case-control study Ann Neurol 1993 3 33 3 258 66 8498809
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [49] Malmivaara A Heliovaara M Knekt P Risk factors for injurious falls leading to hospitalization or death in a cohort of 19,500 adults Am J Epidemiol 1993 9 15 138 6 384 94 8213744
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [50] Cherpitel CJ Tam T Midanik L Alcohol and non-fatal injury in the U.S. general population: A risk function analysis Accid Anal Prev 1995 10 27 5 651 61 8579696
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [51] Mukamal KJ Mittleman MA Longstreth WT Jr Self-reported alcohol consumption and falls in older adults: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of the Cardiovascular Health Study J Am Geriatr Soc 2004 7 52 7 1174 9 15209658
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [52] Cawthon PM Harrison SL Barrett-Connor E Alcohol intake and its relationship with bone mineral density, falls, and fracture risk in older men J Am Geriatr Soc 2006 11 54 11 1649 57 17087690
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [53] Kessler RC The epidemiology of dual diagnosis Biol Psychiatry 2004 56 730 737 15556117
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningRecruitment of subjects was limited to shelters, and therefore does not capture individuals who do not access these organizations.
“Recruitment of subjects was limited to shelters, and therefore does not capture individuals who do not access these organizations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningThe study reports associations between subject characteristics and geriatric syndromes, but cannot infer causality due to the cross-sectional design.
“Finally, we report associations between subject characteristics and geriatric syndromes, but cannot infer causality due to the study’s cross-sectional design.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationDiabetes is associated with a higher prevalence of geriatric syndromes in community-dwelling older adults.
“consistent with studies of community-dwelling older adults that show diabetes to be associated with a higher prevalence of geriatric syndromes41”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [41] Cigolle CT Lee PG Langa KM Lee YY Tian Z Blaum CS Geriatric conditions develop in middle-aged adults with diabetes J Gen Intern Med 2011 3 26 3 272 9 Epub 2010 Sep 29 20878496 PMC3043187
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenSystematic random sampling was used to select shelter clients from bed lists or meal lines.
“Systematic random sampling was used to select shelter clients from bed lists or meal lines.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
Most of the geriatric syndromes included in the study have screening tests that require 5 minutes or less to administer.
“Most of the syndromes included in this study have screening tests that require 5 minutes or less to administer.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Diabetes, arthritis, substance use, and ADL impairment are preventable or treatable conditions.
“Several factors associated with geriatric syndromes are preventable or treatable, including diabetes, arthritis, substance use, and ADL impairment.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The relationship of illicit drug use to geriatric syndromes has not been examined in the general population.
“though the relationship of illicit drug use to geriatric syndromes has not been examined in the general population.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
TBI is not associated with geriatric syndromes in one study.
“Not associated with geriatric syndromes in one study, 32”
From Traumatic brain injury in homeless and marginally housed individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [32]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Incorrect percentage for subjects with four geriatric syndromes
MinorThe reported count of 33 out of 250 subjects is 13.2%, not 12.2%.
Reported 12.2 · recomputed 13.2
“4, N=33 (12.2%)”
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CHERPITEL, C. J. S., Tam, T., Midanik, L. T., Caetano, R., & Greenfield, T. K. (1995) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/0001-4575(95)00011-n · Cited by 102 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of Cognitive Deficits in Homeless Adults: Implications for Service Delivery
Burra, T. A., Stergiopoulos, V., & Rourke, S. B. (2009) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370905400210 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Bleijenberg, N., Drubbel, I., ten Dam, V. H., Numans, M. E., Schuurmans, M. J., & de Wit, N. J. (2012) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2318-12-16 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Geriatric Conditions Develop in Middle-Aged Adults with Diabetes
Cigolle, C. T., Lee, P., Langa, K. M., Lee, Y. Y., Tian, Z., & Blaum, C. S. (2010) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-010-1510-y · Cited by 47 · see citing works
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force* (2009) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-1-200907070-00007 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Validation of the Brief Instrumental Functioning Scale in a Homeless Population
Sullivan, G., Dumenci, L., Burnam, A., & Koegel, P. (2001) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.52.8.1097 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Association Between Time Homeless and Perceived Health Status Among The Homeless in San Francisco
White, M. C., Tulsky, J. P., Dawson, C. A., Zolopa, A. R., & Moss, A. R. (1997) · Journal of Community Health · doi:10.1023/a:1025152403545 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Drug and Alcohol Use Among Homeless Older Adults
Dietz, T. L. (2008) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/0733464808326006 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Is Homelessness a Risk Factor for Eye Disease?
Pitz, S., Kramann, C., Krummenauer, F., Pitz, A., Trabert, G., & Pfeiffer, N. (2005) · Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1159/000088376 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The Mental Health of Old Homeless Men
Cohen, C. I., Teresi, J. A., & Holmes, D. (1988) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1988.tb04018.x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Stubbs, J. L., Thornton, A. E., Sevick, J. M., Silverberg, N. D., Barr, A. M., Honer, W. G., & Panenka, W. J. (2020) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(19)30188-4 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Hurstak, E., Johnson, J. K., Tieu, L., Guzman, D., Ponath, C., Lee, C. T., Jamora, C. W., & Kushel, M. (2017) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.002 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Mackelprang, J. L., Clifasefi, S. L., Grazioli, V. S., & Collins, S. E. (2021) · Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved · doi:10.1353/hpu.2021.0035 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Brown, R. T., Kiely, D. K., Bharel, M., & Mitchell, S. L.
- Affiliations
- San Francisco VA Medical Center (US)
- Hebrew SeniorLife (US)
- Boston Medical Center (US)
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- ORCID
- Brown, Rebecca T.
- Venue
- Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved
- Publisher
- Project MUSE
- Published
- 2013-05
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 456-468
- ISSN
- 1049-2089 (ISSN-L)
- 1548-6869
- PMC
- PMC3671483
- OpenAlex
- W2083963422
- Semantic Scholar
- df2e9bcce7ac441ac22adb44789fe393108f8002
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 6.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (T32AG023480, K24AG033640, T32AG000212)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Homelessness and Social Issues
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Chronic Disease Management Strategies
- Keywords
- geriatric syndromes, risk factors, falls, cognitive impairment, frailty, major depressive disorder, sensory impairment, urinary incontinence, educational attainment, comorbidities, diabetes mellitus, arthritis, alcohol and drug use, activities of daily living, geriatric screening
- MeSH terms
- Accidental Falls, Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Chronic Disease, Cognition Disorders, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Health Status, Ill-Housed Persons, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Syndrome, Urinary Incontinence, Geriatric Assessment, Substance-Related Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-05.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-05.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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