The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Occupational Feminization and Pay: Assessing Causal Dynamics Using 1950-2000 U.S. Census Data
Abstract
Occupations with a greater share of females pay less than those with a lower share, controlling for education and skill. This association is explained by two dominant views: devaluation and queuing. The former views the pay offered in an occupation to affect its female proportion, due to employers' preference for men—a gendered labor queue. The latter argues that the proportion of females in an occupation affects pay, owing to devaluation of work done by women. Only a few past studies used longitudinal data, which is needed to test the theories. We use fixed-effects models, thus controlling for stable characteristics of occupations, and U.S. Census data from 1950 through 2000. We find substantial evidence for the devaluation view, but only scant evidence for the queuing view.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Social Structure and Organizations
Stinchcombe, A. L. (2004) · Advances in Strategic Management · doi:10.1016/s0742-3322(00)17019-6 · Cited by 4,347
The polarization of the U.S. labor market
Autor, D. H., Katz, L. F., & Kearney, M. S. (2006) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/000282806777212620 · Cited by 1,594
Panel Models in Sociological Research: Theory into Practice
Halaby, C. N. (2004) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.30.012703.110629 · Cited by 946
Interaction and the Conservation of Gender Inequality: Considering Employment
Ridgeway, C. L. (1997) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2657301 · Cited by 939
Cited by
The Gender Wage Gap: Extent, Trends, and Explanations
Blau, F. D., & Kahn, L. M. (2017) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.20160995 · Cited by 2,999
The Gender Revolution: Uneven and Stalled
England, P. (2010) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/0891243210361475 · Cited by 1,687
Self-citationWhy are some STEM fields more gender balanced than others?
Cheryan, S., Ziegler, S. A., Montoya, A. K., & Jiang, L. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000052 · Cited by 1,259
Word embeddings quantify 100 years of gender and ethnic stereotypes
Garg, N., Schiebinger, L., Jurafsky, D., & Zou, J. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1720347115 · Cited by 1,065
The gendered pandemic: The implications of COVID‐19 for work and family
Yavorsky, J. E., Qian, Y., & Sargent, A. C. (2021) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.12881 · Cited by 283
Metadata
- Authors
- Levanon, A., England, P., & Allison, P.
- Venue
- Social Forces
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2009-12-01
- Volume
- 88
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 865-891
- ISSN
- 0037-7732 (ISSN-L)
- 1534-7605
- OpenAlex
- W2153991661
- Cited by
- 598
- References
- 4
- FWCI
- 11.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Occupational Feminization and Pay: Assessing Causal Dynamics Using 1950-2000 U.S. Census Data. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1353/sof.0.0264
- The paper
- Levanon, A., England, P., & Allison, P. (2009). Occupational Feminization and Pay: Assessing Causal Dynamics Using 1950-2000 U.S. Census Data. Social Forces. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.0.0264
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.