Unacknowledged Tribes, Dangerous Knowledge: The Muwekma Ohlone and How Indian Identities Are "Known"

It may state two separate claims as one.

Denied a land base by Dorrington's negligence, Ohlone families continued to live in the East and South Bay area, act as godparents for one another, provide spouses for one another, attend one another's weddings, baptisms, and funerals, and bury their dead in the same cemeteries.

“Denied a land base by Dorrington's negligence, Ohlone families continued to live in the East and South Bay area, continued to act as godparents for one another, provide spouses for one another, attend one another's weddings, baptisms, and funerals, bury their dead in the same cemeteries.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

A few individuals continued to speak the East Bay language, Chochenyo, as well as the Plains Miwok language, K'ik.

“A few individuals continued to speak the East Bay language, Chochenyo, as well as the Plains Miwok language, K'ik.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Dorrington decided to evaluate the needs of each band without the benefit of on-site visitation.

“In his report, Dorrington decided to evaluate the needs of each band without the benefit of on-site visitation.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

All members of the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe were direct descendants of the Verona Band; they had unsuccessfully tried to reorganize themselves as the Ohlone Indian Tribe in the 1960s and 1970s, and the same individuals and their children had reorganized as the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe in the 1980s.

“All of their members were direct descendants of the Verona Band; they had unsuccessfully tried to reorganize themselves as the Ohlone Indian Tribe in the 1960s and 1970s, and the same individuals and their children had reorganized as the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe in the 1980s.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Elderly individuals in the families took charge of enrolling their extended kin in the BIA Indian censuses in the 1930s and 1950s, and wrote letters to the BIA inquiring about the status of their people.

“Elderly individuals in the families took charge of enrolling their extended kin in the BIA Indian censuses in the 1930s and 1950s, and wrote letters to the BIA inquiring about the status of their people.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The Ohlones organized themselves specifically to obtain rights over their most important historical burial ground, the Ohlone Cemetery located at Mission San José.

“The Ohlones organized themselves specifically to obtain rights over their most important historical burial ground, the Ohlone Cemetery located at Mission San José.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

BAR argued that Harrington did not identify his informants 'as members of any Indian group or entity at that time.'

“BAR argued that Harrington did not identify his informants 'as members of any Indian group or entity at that time.'”

Probably not a substantial claim.

BAR claimed that its researchers could not see the historical continuity between the Verona Band and the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe.

“The BAR claimed that its researchers could not see the historical continuity between the Verona Band and the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Between 1930 and 1932 all surviving East Bay Ohlone heads of household and families enrolled under the 1928 California Indian Jurisdictional Act, and their enrollments were approved by the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

“Notwithstanding the lost opportunity to receive title to their rancheria, between 1930 and 1932 all of the surviving East Bay Ohlone heads of household and families enrolled under the 1928 California Indian Jurisdictional Act; their enrollments were approved by the Bureau of Indian Affairs.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

BAR dismissed two of the most important substantiating sources of information that document the historical cohesion and identity of the ancestors and organizers of the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe: Harrington's field notes and AIHS records and publications.

“BAR dismissed two of the most important substantiating sources of information that document the historical cohesion and identity of the ancestors and organizers of the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe. First, BAR discarded the utility of the field notes of John P . Harrington”

Probably not a substantial claim.

BAR argued that the 1933 and later BIA census self-identification was merely 'self-identification of an historical, not contemporary, entity.'

“BAR argues that this was merely 'self-identification of an historical, not contemporary, entity' (BAR 2001, 18), but such a claim is an assertion of knowledge without documentation to that effect.”

• cites BAR 2001, 18Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

BAR argues that Harrington's information cannot be used.

“But BAR, of course, argues that Harrington's information cannot be used.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The families that compose the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe were able to maintain enough cohesion under these circumstances to begin reassembling themselves as a more closely knit group in the mid-1960s, and then to respond to the structures of Indian tribal organization specified by both IRA and the federal acknowledgment process in the 1980s.

“The families that compose the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe were able to maintain enough cohesion under these circumstances to begin reassembling themselves as a more closely knit group in the mid-1960s, and then to respond to the structures of Indian tribal organization specified by both IRA and the federal acknowledgment process in the 1980s.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Verona Band descendants' use of the word 'Muwekma' as an additional adjectival description was made to distinguish the descendants of the Verona Band from other Ohlone groups, reviving a term that their ancestors at Alisal used to describe themselves as substantiated by Harrington.

“Verona Band descendants' use of the word 'Muwekma' as an additional adjectival description was made to distinguish the descendants of the Verona Band from other Ohlone groups, reviving a term that their ancestors at Alisal used to describe themselves as substantiated by Harrington.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The BAR review of the Muwekma petition does not actually discard the power to name identities and treats the tribe's use of the terms 'Ohlone' and 'Muwekma' with much skepticism.

“But the BAR review of the Muwekma petition does not actually discard this power and treats the tribe's use of the terms 'Ohlone' and 'Muwekma' with much skepticism.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

BAR seems to inherit the scope of power over knowledge production and legitimation of native identities that the BAE first carved out for anthropologists.

“BAR seems to me to inherit the scope of power over knowledge production and legitimation of native identities that the BAE first carved out for anthropologists.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

BAR's function depends on its authority to categorize, classify, legitimate, and exclude as an arm of U.S. Indian policy-making machinery.

“BAR's function depends on its authority to categorize, classify, legitimate, and exclude as an arm of the policy-making machinery of U.S. Indian policy.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The BAR has the power to decide what constitutes proof of Indian identities and what is legitimate knowledge about Indians.

“The BAR has the power to decide what constitutes proof of Indian identities and, more profoundly, what is legitimate knowledge about Indians.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

These groups were referred to as bands, a term signifying a coherent sociocultural community with informal leadership, kinship-based internal organization, and varying collective ownership over dwindling resources.

“These groups were referred to as 'bands,' a term that, for the Indian agents as well as for academic anthropologists of the time, signified a coherent, sociocultural community featuring informal leadership, kinship-based internal organization, and a varying degree of collective ownership over (always dwindling) resources.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The solution to the homeless Indians problem was establishment of tiny homesteads known as rancherias, many less than one hundred acres, most north of San Francisco Bay Area.

“The 'solution' to this problem was the establishment of tiny homesteads, many less than one hundred acres, known as 'rancherias,' most of them situated north of the San Francisco Bay Area.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

All major figures in North American Indian ethnology during this period and the first thirty years of the twentieth century were associated with the BAE in various ways.

“All of the major figures in the ethnology of North American Indians during this period and the first thirty years of the twentieth century-from Boas, to Cushing, to Mooney, and many others-were associated with the BAE in a variety of ways.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 transformed federal attempts to simply de-Indianize Indian tribes and individuals.

“The Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) of 1934 transformed federal attempts to simply de-Indianize Indian tribes and individuals.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

The work of Powell's BAE took place at the end of the Indian wars, when native peoples' heterogeneous character was taken for granted and the U.S. government signed treaties with native peoples thought of as domestic and dependent yet semi-sovereign.

“The work of Powell's BAE and its application took place at the very end of the Indian wars, a period in which the heterogeneous character of native peoples was taken for granted and the U.S. government signed treaties with native peoples who were thought of as 'domestic and dependent' yet also still semi-sovereign nations.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Evolutionist stage theory as interpreted by Powell and associates meant Indians could potentially become civilized and find a place in the U.S. nation.

“Evolutionist stage theory, as interpreted by Powell and his associates, meant that Indians could potentially become 'civilized' and find a place in the U.S. nation.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Indians who do not live or were not born on reservations but are members of federally recognized tribes can return to those reservations and make claims to resources.

“Even Indians who do not currently live or were not born on reservations but are members of federally recognized tribes can return to those reservations and make claims to resources.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Dorrington's actions directly contradicted the general directives issued by Washington as well as the specific requests the assistant commissioner of Indian affairs had made of Dorrington.

“These actions directly contradicted the general directives issued by Washington as well as the specific requests the assistant commissioner of Indian affairs had made of Dorrington.”

• cites Merritt 1927Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

BAR's delegitimation of the AIHS appears to derive from dissatisfaction with the fact that the society's president, Rupert Costo, was himself a native person from California.

“So far as I can tell, BAR's delegitimation of the AIHS appears to derive from dissatisfaction with the fact that the society's president, Rupert Costo, was himself a native person from California.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The few reservations created in California were never large, seldom aimed at settling Indians on old homelands, and established primarily on land controlled by the military; consequently by late nineteenth century California had large populations of homeless Indians.

“The few reservations that were created were never large, very seldom aimed at settling Indians on portions of their old homelands, and were established primarily on land directly controlled by the military (Phillips 1997); consequently, by the late nineteenth century, California featured large populations of so-called homeless Indians.”

• cites Phillips 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

These resources are generally acknowledged as quite substandard but nevertheless significant.

“These resources are generally acknowledged as quite substandard, but they are nevertheless significant.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Native peoples took up new technologies and occupations, but tribal identities were simultaneously reaffirmed despite adjustments to subaltern status.

“Native peoples indeed took up new technologies and occupations, but tribal identities were simultaneously reaffirmed, notwithstanding enormous adjustments to subaltern economic, political, and social status.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

These areas of refuge were owned principally by Hispanic Californio families and also included land grants issued to several Ohlone families in the South and West Bay areas.

“These areas of refuge were owned principally by Hispanic Californio families, and also included land grants issued to several Ohlone families in the South and West Bay areas.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Indian peoples are currently engaged in a contradictory struggle to achieve economic viability and revitalize cultural identities on remnant reservation resources.

“Indian peoples are currently engaged in an often contradictory struggle to achieve both economic viability and revitalize their cultural identities on the remnant resources left to them on reservations.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Later in the twentieth century, that acceptance was repeatedly undermined by resurgent assimilationist policies such as relocation and termination.

“later in the century that acceptance would be repeatedly undermined by resurgent assimilationist policies, such as relocation and termination.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Standards applied to post-IRA Indian tribes could not possibly have relevance to Indian groups before 1934, especially groups systematically denied land and title such as unrecognized native groups.

“It should be obvious that standards applied to post-IRA Indian tribes could not possibly have relevance to Indian groups before 1934, especially Indian groups that were systematically denied land and title, as is the case with unrecognized native groups.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Dorrington reported that the Verona Band consisted of about thirty individuals located near Verona, formerly residing near Mission San Jose.

“There is one band in Alameda County commonly known as the Verona Band, which consists of about thirty individuals, located near the town of Verona; these Indians were formerly those that resided in close proximity of the Mission San Jose.”

• cites Dorrington 1927Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

This kind of community characterized the Indian entities of that time period in California, particularly in the areas where missionization had occurred.

“This kind of community characterized the Indian entities of that time period in California, particularly in the areas where missionization had occurred.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Indian peoples who had signed treaties or held onto parts of reservations were the immediate candidates for the new relationship.

“Indian peoples who had signed treaties with the U.S. state in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, or who otherwise had held onto at least parts of reservations established for them, were the immediate candidates for this new relationship.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Forms of mestizaje like Latin American mestizaje exist in the United States.

“forms of mestizaje that are in many ways like Latin American mestizaje exist here in the United States”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Kelsey completed most of his survey by 1906 and made a partial census of Ohlone families residing at the Alisal rancheria in Pleasanton and at the Niles community.

“Kelsey completed most of his survey by 1906, and was able to make a partial census of those Ohlone families residing at the Alisal rancheria in Pleasanton and at the Niles community (Kelsey 1971).”

• cites Kelsey 1971Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim.

The document in which BAR elaborated its proposed finding hinged on several critical uses of anthropological knowledge.

“The document in which BAR elaborated its proposed finding hinged on several critical uses of anthropological knowledge.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Dorrington reported that it did not appear at the present time that there was need for the purchase of land for the establishment of the Verona Band's homes.

“It does not appear at the present time that there is need for the purchase of land for the establishment of their homes. (Dorrington 1927)”

• cites Dorrington 1927Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Powell rejected panaceas for Indians and argued against unplanned white expansion and settlement and efforts of missionaries to quickly Christianize Indians.

“Powell rejected panaceas for Indians and also argued against unplanned white expansion and settlement and the efforts of missionaries to quickly Christianize the Indians.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

BAR regulations specify procedures for establishing that an American Indian group exists as an Indian Tribe.

“BAR's regulations (revised in 1994 and partly again in 1997) specify 'procedures for establishing that an American Indian group exists as an Indian Tribe.'”

• cites BAR 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

California's Indian history differs markedly from Indian histories in the former British colonies of the East Coast and from the American Midwest and Plains.

“California's Indian history differs markedly from Indian histories in the former British colonies of the East Coast, as well as from Indian histories in the enormous territories of the American Midwest and Plains regions.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Federal Indian agents were sent to California to conduct research on which to base recommendations for purchasing rancherias for specific Indian groups.

“Federal Indian agents were sent to California to conduct research on which to base recommendations for the purchase of rancherias for specific Indian groups.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The BAE's mission was research to support the reservation system based on intelligent principles and full knowledge for the peoples they served.

“the BAE's mission was research to support 'the reservation system . . . based on intelligent principles and full knowledge for the peoples they served'”

• cites Hinsley 1979, 19Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Indian individuals belonging to recognized tribes who do not reside on reservations and do not intend to return can still make claims on certain federal resources such as education and health.

“Indian individuals belonging to recognized tribes who do not reside on reservations and do not intend to return there are still able to make claims on certain resources from the federal government, such as those having to do with education and health.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The establishment of a rancheria for a named Indian group signified official recognition of Indian identity by the federal government.

“Nevertheless, the establishment of a rancheria for a named Indian group signified official recognition of Indian identity by the federal government.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Anthropologists have been actively employed by both the state and tribes to use knowledge to defend a variety of different identity positionings.

“anthropologists have been actively employed by both the state and the tribes to use knowledge to defend a variety of different identity positionings”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

The U.S. state has since 1934 occasionally tried to renege on the sovereignty arrangements initiated by the IRA, but these arrangements have been maintained into the twenty-first century.

“While the U.S. state has since 1934 occasionally tried to renege on the sovereignty arrangements initiated by the IRA, as alluded above, these arrangements have been maintained into the twenty-first century”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The full-scale effort to assemble and analyze knowledge for scholarship and public policy was well underway in the last two decades of the nineteenth century under the federal government, the boss of the Smithsonian and BAE.

“The full-scale effort to assemble that knowledge and analyze it simultaneously for the sake of scholarship and public policy was well underway in the last two decades of the nineteenth century, all under the aegis of the federal government, the ultimate boss of the Smithsonian and the BAE.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

For Powell, American Indians must be understood not as a racial category but as a savage stage of human culture, analyzable historically and via cataloging and classification.

“For Powell, 'American Indians must be understood not as a racial category but as a savage stage of human culture' (quoted in ibid., 150), which could be analyzed both historically and via systems of cataloging and classification.”

• cites ibid., 150Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The U.S. state system has been and continues to be overtly and continuously engaged in defining and policing Indian identities for the public record.

“the state system has been and continues to be overtly and continuously engaged in defining and policing Indian identities for the public record”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

Ohlone ancestors spoke related languages and lived in villages around the San Francisco Bay Area loosely affiliated through intermarriage, trade, and annual ceremonial cycles.

“Their ancestors spoke related languages and lived in villages all around the San Francisco Bay Area that were loosely affiliated with each other through intermarriage, trade, and annual ceremonial cycles.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Federally recognized Indian peoples held a sharply circumscribed but potentially valuable set of properties including lands, resources, and collective and individualized claims on parts of the U.S. federal bureaucracy.

“federally recognized Indian peoples held onto a sharply circumscribed but nevertheless always potentially valuable set of properties that included lands and resources, as well as both collective and individualized claims on various parts of the U.S. federal bureaucracy.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

In the years when Harrington wrote about the Verona Band, Indian communities throughout the United States featured a tremendous variety of manners of governance.

“In the years when Harrington wrote about the Verona Band, Indian communities throughout the United States featured a tremendous variety of manners of governance.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

In the years just prior to 1900, at least five major Ohlone communities still existed in the East Bay at San Lorenzo, Del Mocho (Livermore), Alisal (Pleasanton), Sunol, and El Molino (Niles).

“In the years just prior to 1900, at least five major Ohlone communities still existed in the East Bay at San Lorenzo, Del Mocho (Livermore), Alisal (Pleasanton), Sunol, and El Molino (Niles).”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Powell was less of a racial determinist than Spencer and sided more with Tylor and Morgan's stage theory evolutionism.

“Powell was less of a racial determinist in the mold of Spencer, and sided much more with the kind of stage theory evolutionism of Tylor and Morgan.”

• cites Hinsley 1981, 150Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The ethnonym Ohlone refers to a native group with a postcontact history shaped mainly by demographic collapse from missionization and subsequent regrouping during the Mexican period.

“The ethnonym 'Ohlone' refers to a native group with a postcontact history shaped mainly by the demographic collapse caused by missionization and the subsequent regrouping during the Mexican period.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

An effort to sign treaties with California Indian peoples was thwarted by the state's congressional delegation.

“An effort to sign treaties with California Indian peoples was thwarted by the state's congressional delegation.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.

Concepts such as entity, community, and political influence and authority are highly subjective and malleable and deeply imprinted by the historical wake of the IRA and consequent efforts by Indian peoples not affirmed by treaties to obtain recognition.

“Concepts such as 'entity,' 'community,' and 'political influence and authority' are all highly subjective and malleable, and given BAR's historical origins, deeply imprinted by the historical wake of the IRA and the consequent efforts by Indian peoples whose existence was not affirmed by treaties or other arrangements with the federal government to obtain such recognition.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

By establishing a new framework for tribal sovereignty and U.S.-tribal government relationships, the federal government explicitly accepted the open-ended existence of people called Indians.

“By establishing a new framework for tribal sovereignty and relationships between the United States and tribal governments, the federal government explicitly accepted the open-ended existence of people called Indians”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Early twentieth-century anthropologists helped legitimate the disenfranchisement of Ohlone peoples.

“Early in the twentieth century, the work of anthropologists helped to legitimate the disenfranchisement of Ohlone peoples”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The IRA erected a scaffolding on which particular versions of Indian tribal sovereignty could be unfolded, elaborated, and defended.

“Nevertheless, the IRA erected a scaffolding on which particular versions of Indian tribal sovereignty could be unfolded, elaborated, and defended.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The end of the Indian wars shaped the BAE's work in assembling data about Indian identities toward an explicitly assimilationist agenda.

“The end of the Indian wars shaped the BAE's work in assembling data about Indian identities toward an explicitly assimilationist agenda.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Mestizaje is a risky subject for anthropologists to engage in the United States because such research could directly threaten the rights of particular native groups.

“it is a risky subject for anthropologists to engage because of the ways such research could directly threaten the rights of particular native groups in the United States”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The university department had not yet been invented by Franz Boas during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

“The institution we now associate with anthropological research-the university department-had not yet been invented by Franz Boas during the time period in question.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Since 1978, the federal acknowledgment process has been the charge of the BAR, which receives and passes judgment on unrecognized Indian tribes' acknowledgment petitions.

“Since 1978, the federal acknowledgment process (FAP) has been the charge of the BAR in which capacity it receives and passes judgment on unrecognized Indian tribes' acknowledgment petitions.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In effect the Bureau delegitimizes the Ohlone people for not having the kind of community they were deliberately denied, and then delegitimizes them again for organizing the Ohlone/Costanoan Muwekma Tribe in pursuit of such a community.

“In effect the Bureau delegitimizes the Ohlone people for not having the kind of community they were deliberately denied, and then delegitimizes them again for organizing the Ohlone/Costanoan Muwekma Tribe in pursuit of such a community.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

BAR's regulations state that there is no requirement that the petitioner be identified by its formal name, only that an identification by any name or generic description refer to the petitioning group.

“BAR's regulations state that '[t]here is no requirement that the petitioner be identified by its formal name, only that an identification by any name or generic description refer to the petitioning group' (BAR 1997, 17).”

• cites BAR 1997, 17Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

Because BAR's regulations specifically direct petitioners to show how tribal leadership has functioned, BAR's analysis in this area is quite damaging.

“Because BAR's regulations specifically direct petitioners to show how tribal leadership has functioned, BAR's analysis in this area is quite damaging.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

A similar outcome characterizes the BIA's analysis of Ohlone self-identification.

“A similar outcome characterizes the BIA's analysis of Ohlone selfidentification.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

This delegitimation becomes possible through specific procedures for certifying, analyzing, and applying knowledge.

“This becomes possible through specific procedures for certifying, analyzing, and applying knowledge.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.

To miss the presence of leaders, the BAR document once again must discard many kinds of evidence and documentation, establishing a tightly controlled arena of legitimate knowledge over which the BAR alone has control.

“To miss the presence of leaders, the BAR document once again must discard many kinds of evidence and documentation, establishing a tightly controlled arena of legitimate knowledge over which the BAR alone has control.”