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Cited by 46Demographic Trends and Gender PreferencesReproductive Health and ContraceptionFamily Dynamics and Relationships

Family Planning and Women's Lives in Rural China

Hardee, Karen, Xie, Zhenming, Gu, Baochang·2004·International Family Planning Perspectives
DOI 10.1363/3006804
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Abstract

CONTEXT: By 1979, China had begun implementing the so-called one-child policy, which severely restricts couples' childbearing. It is important to understand Chinese women's perceptions of how their lives have been affected by this policy and by the use of family planning. METHODS: Survey and focus group data collected in 1996 and 1998 from women in three Chinese provinces-Jiangsu, Anhui and Yunnan-were used to examine links connecting family planning and childbearing to women's lives within the family, including their relationships with spouses and other family members, and their opportunities for education, employment and social activities. RESULTS: Women related family planning to the country's economic situation and to their ability to prosper by having fewer children to support. Increased prosperity enabled them to provide for children's education and to build them houses. In Jiangsu, 73-75% of respondents who had had one child were satisfied with their number of children, regardless of sex; in Anhui and Yunnan, 54-58% of women who had one son and no daughter reported being satisfied, compared with 31-50% of women who had one daughter and no sons. The great majority (73-99%) of women in all three provinces who had two children-regardless of sex-were satisfied with their number of children. CONCLUSIONS: Few women disputed that women's lives were better now than in the past. China's one-child policy, however, places women-particularly those in rural areas-in a situation where they are pressured by the government's childbearing requirements on one side and by society's preference for sons on the other.

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  • The forces driving gender inequality came from both the bottom and the top of society: long-existing gender discrimination culture and a patriarchal state that placed the burden of birth control on women.

    “The forces driving gender inequality came from both the bottom and the top of the society: the long-existing gender discrimination culture embodied in part in the society's marriage and family systems, and a patriarchal state that placed the burden of birth control squarely on women (Hardee et al. 2004).”

    From The Social and Sociological Consequences of China's One-Child Policy (2021) · cites this paper as Hardee et al. 2004

  • Intrauterine devices and sterilizations together account for more than 90 percent of contraceptive methods used in China since the mid-1980s.

    “There is heavy reliance on longterm contraception, with intrauterine devices and sterilizations together accounting for more than 90 percent of contraceptive methods used since the mid-1980s. 4,6”

    From The Effect of China's One-Child Family Policy after 25 Years (2005) · cites this paper as [6]

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Authors
Hardee, K., Xie, Z., & Gu, B.
Affiliations
Futures Group (United States) (US)
ORCID
Venue
International Family Planning Perspectives
Publisher
Guttmacher Institute
Published
2004-06
Volume
30
Issue
02
Pages
68-76
ISSN
0190-3187 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1363/3006804
OpenAlex
W2021077868
Cited by
46
References
7
Citations by year
2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 9
FWCI
6.13
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • International Family Planning Perspectives (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Demographic Trends and Gender Preferences
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
  • Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
Keywords
one-child policy, family planning, rural women, women's lives, son preference, gender discrimination, childbearing, family relationships, women's education, women's employment, rural China, Jiangsu Province, Anhui Province, Yunnan
MeSH terms
Adult, China, Contraception, Contraception Behavior, Cultural Characteristics, Family Planning Services, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Population Control, Surveys and Questionnaires, Rural Population, Sex Education, Social Values, Women's Health, Focus Groups

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