Cited by 61Nonlinear Photonic SystemsRandom lasers and scattering mediaQuantum and electron transport phenomena

Photonic Bloch oscillations of correlated particles

Open access
Longhi, Stefano·2011·Optics Letters

Abstract

A photonic realization of Bloch oscillations (BOs) of two correlated electrons that move on a one-dimensional periodic lattice, based on spatial light transport in a square waveguide array with a defect line, is theoretically proposed. The signature of correlated BOs, such as frequency doubling of the oscillation frequency induced by particle interaction, can be simply visualized by monitoring the spatial path followed by an optical beam that excites the array near the defect line.

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Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This Letter theoretically proposes a photonic realization of Bloch oscillations (BOs) for two correlated electrons, mapped onto spatial light transport in a square waveguide array with a diagonal defect line. Numerical simulations show that when the two particles initially occupy the same site, the BO frequency is doubled relative to the independent-particle case.

Key findings

  • For two electrons initially far apart (n₀ = 10, m₀ = 0), the wave packet undergoes ordinary two-dimensional BOs in a homogeneous region of the array without touching the defect line, with period T_B = 2π/(Fa) ≃ 2.25 cm.
  • For two electrons initially on the same site (n₀ = m₀ = 0), the beam centroid shows a frequency-doubled component of the BO, associated with excitation of localized (bounded) two-electron singlet states at the defect line n = m.
  • The frequency-doubled component is most pronounced at U ∼ 4κ — the interaction strength at which the two lattice bands begin to separate — and vanishes in the low- and strong-coupling limits.
  • The two-electron spectrum for U ≠ 0 splits into two bands: a delocalized band spanning −4κ < E < 4κ and a defect band spanning U < E < √(U² + 16κ²), which separate once U exceeds 4κ.

Methods

  • Theoretical proposal: the Hubbard Hamiltonian for two opposite-spin electrons on a 1D tight-binding lattice under a dc force is mapped, via a Wannier-state expansion, onto coupled-mode equations for a 2D square waveguide array with a transverse index gradient and a defect line at n = m.
  • Numerical simulations of the paraxial wave equation in a 5 cm long array with λ = 980 nm, n_s = 1.522, Δn = 0.01, Δn₁ = 0.01035, a = 8.6 µm, R = (30/√2) cm, and 3 µm core radius; estimated parameters κ = 3.977 cm⁻¹, U ≃ 4κ, Fa = 2.7973 cm⁻¹.
  • Input Gaussian beam with w = 1.3; comparison of the numerically computed beam centroid ⟨n(s)⟩ against the wave-packet centroid from the coupled-mode equations.

Limitations

  • Not stated in the paper: the Letter presents no explicit limitations section.
  • Evident from the text: the work is purely theoretical — no experimental realization is reported, and the proposed femtosecond-laser-written fused-silica structure is only suggested as a possible implementation.
  • Evident from the text: the analysis is restricted to two electrons in a singlet configuration with opposite spins, and the frequency-doubling result is drawn from numerical simulation rather than measurement.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1364/ol.36.003248

Cites

21 of 21 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 22 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data
    § Photonic Bloch oscillations of correlated particles · p. 3

    The numerically computed beam centroid curves are well approximated by the corresponding wave packet centroid curves obtained by numerical simulations of the coupled-mode equations (2).

    “The curves are well approximated by the corresponding ones for the wave packet centroid 〈 n ( t ) 〉 = ∑ n,m ( n -n 0 ) | c n,m ( t ) | 2 obtained by numerical simulations of the coupled mode equations (2), which are depicted by the solid curves in the figures.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingreasoning
    § Photonic Bloch oscillations of correlated particles · p. 3

    For two electrons initially far apart from each other, the wave packet undergoes two-dimensional Bloch oscillations in a homogeneous region of the array, without touching the defect line.

    “while for two electrons initially far apart each other the wave packet undergoes two-dimensional BOs in a homogeneous region of the array, without touching the defect line Y [see Fig.2(b)]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Photonic Bloch oscillations of correlated particles · p. 3

    Numerical simulations of the paraxial wave equation show a doubling of the oscillation frequency when the lattice is initially excited at the defect line.

    “clearly showing the doubling of the oscillation frequency when the lattice is initially excited at the defect line [compare Figs.2(a) and 3(a)].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingreasoning
    § Photonic Bloch oscillations of correlated particles · p. 2

    The spatial period of Bloch oscillations is T_B = 2π/(Fa) ≃ 2.25 cm.

    “The spatial period of BOs is T B = 2 π/ ( Fa ) ≃ 2 . 25 cm.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Premisecitation
    § Photonic Bloch oscillations of correlated particles · p. 1

    The motion of two interacting electrons moving on a one-dimensional tight-binding lattice subjected to an external dc force F is described by the Hubbard Hamiltonian.

    “The motion of two interacting electrons moving on a one-dimensional tight-binding lattice subjected to an external dc force F is described by the Hubbard Hamiltonian (see, for instance, [16,17])”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [16] Claro, 2003, Phys. Rev. B source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [17] Dias, 2007, Phys. Rev. B source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims. 5
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 3
  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Photonic Bloch oscillations of correlated particles · p. 2

    The values of the coupling constant κ, propagation constant shift U and gradient parameter Fa entering the coupled-mode equations (2) are estimated to be κ = 3.977 cm−1, U ≃ 4κ, and Fa = 2.7973 cm−1.

    “The values of coupling constant κ , propagation constant shift U and gradient parameter Fa entering in the coupled-mode equations (2) are estimated to be κ = 3 . 977 cm -1 , U ≃ 4 κ , and Fa = 2 . 7973 cm -1 , respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Photonic Bloch oscillations of correlated particles · p. 3

    For the two interacting electrons, the wave packet remains strongly localized near the defect line, exciting the defect modes at the interface.

    “for the two interacting electrons the wave packet remains strongly localized near the defect line, exciting the defect modes at the interface [Fig.3(b)].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Photonic Bloch oscillations of correlated particles · p. 2

    When the external force F is applied and the two electrons are initially separated, the two particles basically undergo independent Bloch oscillations with a characteristic period T_B = 2π/(Fa), provided that the amplitude of the Bloch oscillations is smaller than the electronic separation.

    “When the external force F is applied, in the latter case the two particles basically undergo independent BOs with a characteristic period given by T B = 2 π/ ( Fa ), provided that the amplitude of BOs is smaller than the electronic separation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation
    § Photonic Bloch oscillations of correlated particles · p. 1

    Such a structure could be realized by femtosecond laser writing in fused silica, in which the defect line is readily obtained by varying the writing speed of the laser beam.

    “Such a structure could be realized, for instance, by femtosecond laser writing in fused silica, in which the defect line is readily obtained by varying the writing speed of the laser beam (see, for instance, [6,20]).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [6] Dreisow, 2009, Phys. Rev. Lett. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [20] Szameit, 2010, J. Phys. B source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given
    § Photonic Bloch oscillations of correlated particles · p. 2

    The Gaussian initial condition of the two electrons is readily realized in the optical system by initial excitation of the array, at the s = 0 input plane, with a Gaussian beam of spot size wa at normal incidence at the lattice sites (n0, m0).

    “Such an initial condition is readily realized in the optical system by initial excitation of the array, at the s = 0 input plane, with a Gaussian beam of spot size wa with normal incidence at the lattice sites ( n 0 , m 0 )”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given
    § Photonic Bloch oscillations of correlated particles · p. 1

    Experiments aimed to observe Bloch oscillations of few correlated electrons or bosons are rather difficult to perform in semiconductor superlattices or cold atoms, where the many-particle regime is generally of easier access.

    “Experiments aimed to observe BOs of few correlated electrons or bosons are rather difficult to be performed in semiconductor superlattices or cold atoms, where the many particle regime is generally of easier access.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Photonic Bloch oscillations of correlated particles · p. 2

    The frequency-doubled component is more pronounced for U ∼ 4κ, i.e. at the interaction strength at which the two lattice bands start to separate, whereas it vanishes in the low and strong coupling limits.

    “In particular, the frequency-doubled component is more pronounced for U ∼ 4 κ , i.e. at the interaction strength at which the two lattice bands starts to separate each other, whereas it vanishes in the low and strong coupling limits [17].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [17] Dias, 2007, Phys. Rev. B source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Photonic Bloch oscillations of correlated particles · p. 1

    Novel phenomena are predicted for Bloch oscillations of few interacting particles, such as the frequency doubling of Bloch oscillations of two correlated electrons.

    “interesting novel phenomena are predicted for BOs of few interacting particles [16, 17, 19], such as the frequency doubling of BOs of two correlated electrons [16,17].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [16] Claro, 2003, Phys. Rev. B source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [17] Dias, 2007, Phys. Rev. B source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [19] Khomeriki, 2010, Phys. Rev. A source

      Not checked in the free run.

8 of 8
  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The two electrons have opposite spins (singlet state), so as to allow double occupancy of the on-site orbital.

    “In order to allow for double occupancy of the on-site orbital, the two electrons are assumed to have opposite spins (singlet state).”
1 of 1

Claims other papers make about this one

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  • The introduction of multiple walkers increases the dimensionality of quantum walks.

    “Furthermore, the Hilbert space that describes multi-particle QWs grows exponentially with the linear increase in particle number and network size and it has been shown that the introduction of multiple walkers increases the dimensionality of QWs [5,23].”

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Authors
Longhi, S.
Affiliations
Politecnico di Milano (IT)
Corresponding author
Longhi, Stefano
Venue
Optics Letters
Published
2011-08-15
Volume
36
Issue
16
Pages
3248
ISSN
  • 0146-9592 (ISSN-L)
  • 1539-4794
OpenAlex
W2065847930
Cited by
61
References
21
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 10
FWCI
5.37
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Optics Letters (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
  • Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha) (submittedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders
Italian Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca (MIUR) (PRIN-2008-YCAAK)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Nonlinear Photonic Systems
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Acoustics and Ultrasonics › Random lasers and scattering media
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum and electron transport phenomena
Keywords
correlated electrons, electron-electron interaction, one-dimensional periodic lattice, line defects, second harmonic generation

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