Cited by 1,778Genomics and Phylogenetic StudiesGenomic variations and chromosomal abnormalitiesGenetic Associations and Epidemiology

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The Diploid Genome Sequence of an Individual Human

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Abstract

Presented here is a genome sequence of an individual human. It was produced from approximately 32 million random DNA fragments, sequenced by Sanger dideoxy technology and assembled into 4,528 scaffolds, comprising 2,810 million bases (Mb) of contiguous sequence with approximately 7.5-fold coverage for any given region. We developed a modified version of the Celera assembler to facilitate the identification and comparison of alternate alleles within this individual diploid genome. Comparison of this genome and the National Center for Biotechnology Information human reference assembly revealed more than 4.1 million DNA variants, encompassing 12.3 Mb. These variants (of which 1,288,319 were novel) included 3,213,401 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 53,823 block substitutions (2-206 bp), 292,102 heterozygous insertion/deletion events (indels)(1-571 bp), 559,473 homozygous indels (1-82,711 bp), 90 inversions, as well as numerous segmental duplications and copy number variation regions. Non-SNP DNA variation accounts for 22% of all events identified in the donor, however they involve 74% of all variant bases. This suggests an important role for non-SNP genetic alterations in defining the diploid genome structure. Moreover, 44% of genes were heterozygous for one or more variants. Using a novel haplotype assembly strategy, we were able to span 1.5 Gb of genome sequence in segments >200 kb, providing further precision to the diploid nature of the genome. These data depict a definitive molecular portrait of a diploid human genome that provides a starting point for future genome comparisons and enables an era of individualized genomic information.

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Metadata

Authors
Levy, S., Sutton, G., Ng, P. C., Feuk, L., Halpern, A. L., Walenz, B. P., Axelrod, N., Huang, J., Kirkness, E. F., Denisov, G., Lin, Y., MacDonald, J. R., Pang, A. W. C., Shago, M., Stockwell, T. B., Tsiamouri, A., Bafna, V., Bansal, V., Kravitz, S. A., Busam, D. A., Beeson, K. Y., McIntosh, T. C., Remington, K. A., Abril, J. F., Gill, J., Borman, J., Rogers, Y.-H., Frazier, M. E., Scherer, S. W., Strausberg, R. L., & Venter, J. C.
Affiliations
  • J. Craig Venter Institute (US)
  • University of Toronto (CA)
  • University of California San Diego (US)
  • Universitat de Barcelona (ES)
Corresponding author
Levy, Samuel
Venue
PLoS Biology
Published
2007-09-04
Volume
5
Issue
10
Pages
e254
ISSN
  • 1544-9173 (ISSN-L)
  • 1545-7885
OpenAlex
W2142642738
Cited by
1,778
References
112
Citations by year
2026: 14 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 81 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 74 · 2016: 80 · 2015: 97 · 2014: 95 · 2013: 152 · 2012: 153
FWCI
79.94
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • PLoS Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • RECERCAT (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • National University of Singapore (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • Canadian Institute for Advanced Research
  • Genome Canada
  • Ontario Genomics
  • Ontario Genomics Institute
  • Sick Kids Foundation
  • Hospital for Sick Children
  • Canadian Institutes of Health Research
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genomic variations and chromosomal abnormalities
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
Keywords
single nucleotide polymorphisms, structural variants, indels, copy number variation, segmental duplication, inversion, haplotype assembly, genome assembly
MeSH terms
Base Sequence, Chromosome Mapping, Chromosomes, Human, Diploidy, Genotype, Haplotypes, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Molecular Sequence Data, Pedigree, Phenotype, Reproducibility of Results, Genome, Human, Human Genome Project, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Gene Dosage, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Chromosomes, Human, Y, Microarray Analysis, INDEL Mutation

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