The diploid genome sequence of an Asian individual
Open accessAbstract
Here we present the first diploid genome sequence of an Asian individual. The genome was sequenced to 36-fold average coverage using massively parallel sequencing technology. We aligned the short reads onto the NCBI human reference genome to 99.97% coverage, and guided by the reference genome, we used uniquely mapped reads to assemble a high-quality consensus sequence for 92% of the Asian individual’s genome. We identified approximately 3 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) inside this region, of which 13.6% were not in the dbSNP database. Genotyping analysis showed that SNP identification had high accuracy and consistency, indicating the high sequence quality of this assembly. We also carried out heterozygote phasing and haplotype prediction against HapMap CHB and JPT haplotypes (Chinese and Japanese, respectively), sequence comparison with the two available individual genomes (J. D. Watson and J. C. Venter), and structural variation identification. These variations were considered for their potential biological impact. Our sequence data and analyses demonstrate the potential usefulness of next-generation sequencing technologies for personal genomics. The power of the latest massively parallel synthetic DNA sequencing technologies is demonstrated in two major collaborations that shed light on the nature of genomic variation with ethnicity. The first describes the genomic characterization of an individual from the Yoruba ethnic group of west Africa. The second reports a personal genome of a Han Chinese, the group comprising 30% of the world's population. These new resources can now be used in conjunction with the Venter, Watson and NIH reference sequences. A separate study looked at genetic ethnicity on the continental scale, based on data from 1,387 individuals from more than 30 European countries. Overall there was little genetic variation between countries, but the differences that do exist correspond closely to the geographic map. Statistical analysis of the genome data places 50% of the individuals within 310 km of their reported origin. As well as its relevance for testing genetic ancestry, this work has implications for evaluating genome-wide association studies that link genes with diseases.
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Illumina transcriptome or genome sequencing was mainly limited to organisms with reference genomes available.
“In contrast, Illumina transcriptome or genome sequencing was mainly limited to organisms with reference genomes available [14,51-53].”
From De novo assembly and characterization of root transcriptome using Illumina paired-end sequencing and development of cSSR markers in sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) (2010) · cites this paper as [14]
The Discussion (page not provided) says Illumina-based sequencing demonstrated an ability to sequence large eukaryotic genomes given an available reference genome, and Methods Summary says this study used the human reference genome. The paper does not establish that Illumina sequencing was mainly limited to such organisms, or address transcriptome sequencing as a field. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHigh coverage permitted the identification of 2.2 million heterozygous single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) within the sequenced individual.
“High coverage 11,12 permitted the identification of 2.2 million heterozygous single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) within the sequenced individual (Supplementary Figs. 5 and 6 and Supplementary Tables 7 and 8).”
From The yak genome and adaptation to life at high altitude (2012) · cites this paper as [12]
The SNP and indel identification section reports 3.07 million SNPs in the sequenced YH genome, and the Depth effect section says increased sequencing depth reduced SNP-calling errors. The Haplotype analysis section identifies 700,320 heterozygotes overlapping HapMap loci and another 1,021,953 heterozygous SNPs absent from HapMap; our copy does not support the claimed figure of 2.2 million heterozygous SNVs. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNGS is a powerful and cost-efficient tool for advanced research in many areas, including de novo transcriptome sequencing for non-model organisms.
“The newly developed high throughput sequencing technology, i.e. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), including the Roche/454 Genome Sequencer FLX Instrument, the ABI SOLiD System, and the Illumina Genome Analyser, is a powerful and cost-efficient tool for advanced research in many areas, including re-sequencing, microRNA expression profiling, DNA methylation, especially de novo transcriptome”
From De novo assembly and characterization of root transcriptome using Illumina paired-end sequencing and development of cSSR markers in sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) (2010) · cites this paper as [14]
The Discussion reports that next-generation sequencing has high throughput and substantially reduced the time and cost of sequencing a human genome. The paper demonstrates reference-based human genome sequencing, but does not establish its use for de novo transcriptome sequencing in non-model organisms or the other expression-profiling and methylation applications listed in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Self-citationThe impact of next-generation sequencing on genomics
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“Since then, several additional diploid human genomes have been sequenced with NGS utilizing a variety of related techniques to rapidly sequence genomes with varying degrees of coverage (Ley et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2008; Ahn et al., 2009; Kim et al., 2009; Yngvadottir et al., 2009; Metzker, 2010).”
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Applications of New Sequencing Technologies for Transcriptome Analysis
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Self-citationComprehensive analysis of RNA-Seq data reveals extensive RNA editing in a human transcriptome
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Complete Khoisan and Bantu genomes from southern Africa
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The 1001 Genomes Project for Arabidopsis thaliana
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Self-citationSearching for SNPs with cloud computing
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Human Genome Sequencing in Health and Disease
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Genome-wide patterns of genetic variation among elite maize inbred lines
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Self-citationMicrodroplet-based PCR enrichment for large-scale targeted sequencing
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“Of the 22 loci discordant with HapMap, the errors fell into three classes: (1) nine are homozygous reference genotypes with a HapMap homozygous alternate, (2) five are heterozygous genotypes with a HapMap homozygous reference and (3) eight are homozygous reference with a HapMap heterozygous genotype (Supplementary Tab…”
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Mugsy: Fast multiple alignment of closely related whole genomes
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Self-citationSingle-molecule sequencing of an individual human genome
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Copy number variants, diseases and gene expression
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SOAP3-dp: Fast, Accurate and Sensitive GPU-Based Short Read Aligner
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Self-citationSingle-Cell Whole-Genome Amplification and Sequencing: Methodology and Applications
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Genotype to Phenotype: A Complex Problem
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Personalized Medicine: Progress and Promise
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Genome assembly reborn: recent computational challenges
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Massively Parallel Sequencing: The Next Big Thing in Genetic Medicine
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Complete Resequencing of 40 Genomes Reveals Domestication Events and Genes in Silkworm ( Bombyx )
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Self-citationLandscape of Next-Generation Sequencing Technologies
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Validating, augmenting and refining genome-wide association signals
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Clan Genomics and the Complex Architecture of Human Disease
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Human Copy Number Variation and Complex Genetic Disease
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Towards a comprehensive structural variation map of an individual human genome
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Whole-genome molecular haplotyping of single cells
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Self-citationNext generation disparities in human genomics: concerns and remedies
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Small insertions and deletions (INDELs) in human genomes
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A highly annotated whole-genome sequence of a Korean individual
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The first Korean genome sequence and analysis: Full genome sequencing for a socio-ethnic groupPreprint
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Self-citationA reference human genome dataset of the BGISEQ-500 sequencer
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Self-citationMobile elements create structural variation: Analysis of a complete human genomePreprint
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Recent de novo origin of human protein-coding genes
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U87MG Decoded: The Genomic Sequence of a Cytogenetically Aberrant Human Cancer Cell Line
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- Authors
- Wang, J., Wang, W., Li, R., Li, Y., Tian, G., Goodman, L., Fan, W., Zhang, J., Li, J., Zhang, J., Guo, Y., Feng, B., Li, H., Lu, Y., Fang, X., Liang, H., Du, Z., Li, D., Zhao, Y., Hu, Y., Yang, Z., Zheng, H., Hellmann, I., Inouye, M., Pool, J., Yi, X., Zhao, J., Duan, J., Zhou, Y., Qin, J., Ma, L., Li, G., Yang, Z., Zhang, G., Yang, B., Yu, C., Liang, F., Li, W., Li, S., Li, D., Ni, P., Ruan, J., Li, Q., Zhu, H., Liu, D., Lu, Z., Li, N., Guo, G., Zhang, J., Ye, J., Fang, L., Hao, Q., Chen, Q., Liang, Y., Su, Y., san, A., Ping, C., Yang, S., Chen, F., Li, L., Zhou, K., Zheng, H., Ren, Y., Yang, L., Gao, Y., Yang, G., Li, Z., Feng, X., Kristiansen, K., Wong, G. K.-S., Nielsen, R., Durbin, R., Bolund, L., Zhang, X., Li, S., Yang, H., & Wang, J.
- Affiliations
- BGI Group (China) (CN)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Wellcome Sanger Institute (GB)
- University of Southern Denmark (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Jun
- Wang, Jian
- ORCID
- Wang, Jun
- Wang, Wei
- Li, Ruiqiang
- Li, Yingrui
- Tian, Geng
- Goodman, Laurie
- Fan, Wei
- Zhang, Junqing
- Li, Jun
- Guo, Yiran
- Li, Heng
- Lu, Yao
- Fang, Xiaodong
- Liang, Huiqing
- Du, Zhenglin
- Li, Dong
- Zhao, Yiqing
- Hu, Yujie
- Yang, Zhenzhen
- Zheng, Hancheng
- Hellmann, Ines
- Inouye, Michael
- Pool, John
- Yi, Xin
- Zhao, Jing
- Duan, Jinjie
- Qin, Junjie
- Ma, Lijia
- Li, Guoqing
- Zhang, Guojie
- Yang, Bin
- Yu, Chang
- Li, Wenjie
- Li, Shaochuan
- Li, Dawei
- Ruan, Jue
- Li, Qibin
- Zhu, Hongmei
- Liu, Dongyuan
- Lu, Zhike
- Li, Ning
- Guo, Guangwu
- Zhang, Jianguo
- Ye, Jia
- Fang, Lin
- Hao, Qin
- Chen, Quan
- Liang, Yu
- Yang, Shuang
- Chen, Fang
- Li, Li
- Zheng, Hongkun
- Ren, Yuanyuan
- Yang, Ling
- Gao, Yang
- Yang, Guohua
- Li, Zhuo
- Feng, Xiaoli
- Kristiansen, Karsten
- Wong, Gane Ka-Shu
- Nielsen, Rasmus
- Durbin, Richard
- Bolund, Lars
- Zhang, Xiuqing
- Li, Songgang
- Yang, Huanming
- Wang, Jian
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2008-11
- Volume
- 456
- Issue
- 7218
- Pages
- 60-65
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- PMC
- PMC2716080
- OpenAlex
- W2001725958
- Cited by
- 924
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 92 · 2012: 105
- FWCI
- 60.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (077192)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (30890032, 90608010, 30221004, 90612019, 90403130, 30725008, 30392130)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (GJHZ0701-6, KSCX2-YWN-023)
- Lundbeckfonden
- Shenzhen University
- Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission (D07030200740000)
- H. Lundbeck A/S
- National High-tech Research and Development Program
- National Key Research and Development Program of China (2007CB815705, 2007CB815703, 2007CB815701)
- National Human Genome Research Institute (R01HG003229)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- single nucleotide polymorphisms, structural variants, personal genomics, genetic ancestry, Han Chinese, Yoruba, HapMap, genome assembly, genome-wide association study
- MeSH terms
- Alleles, Animals, Pan troglodytes, Diploidy, Haplotypes, Humans, Phenotype, Sensitivity and Specificity, Genome, Human, Consensus Sequence, Sequence Alignment, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Internet, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Genomics, Databases, Genetic, Asian People
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