Phosphorylation of the retinoic acid receptor alpha induces a mechanical allosteric regulation and changes in internal dynamics
Open accessAbstract
Nuclear receptor proteins constitute a superfamily of proteins that function as ligand dependent transcription factors. They are implicated in the transcriptional cascades underlying many physiological phenomena, such as embryogenesis, cell growth and differentiation, and apoptosis, making them one of the major signal transduction paradigms in metazoans. Regulation of these receptors occurs through the binding of hormones, and in the case of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR), through the binding of retinoic acid (RA). In addition to this canonical scenario of RAR activity, recent discoveries have shown that RAR regulation also occurs as a result of phosphorylation. In fact, RA induces non-genomic effects, such as the activation of kinase signaling pathways, resulting in the phosphorylation of several targets including RARs themselves. In the case of RARα, phosphorylation of Ser369 located in loop L9-10 of the ligand-binding domain leads to an increase in the affinity for the protein cyclin H, which is part of the Cdk-activating kinase complex of the general transcription factor TFIIH. The cyclin H binding site in RARα is situated more than 40 Å from the phosphorylated serine. Using molecular dynamics simulations of the unphosphorylated and phosphorylated forms of the receptor RARα, we analyzed the structural implications of receptor phosphorylation, which led to the identification of a structural mechanism for the allosteric coupling between the two remote sites of interest. The results show that phosphorylation leads to a reorganization of a local salt bridge network, which induces changes in helix extension and orientation that affects the cyclin H binding site. This results in changes in conformation and flexibility of the latter. The high conservation of the residues implicated in this signal transduction suggests a mechanism that could be applied to other nuclear receptor proteins.
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Phosphorylation of the RARγ (and RARα) receptors leads to subtle changes in the dynamic properties of the protein without producing significant conformational rearrangements.
“Crystallographic studies of phospho-mimetic mutations of RARγ (S371E) and MD simulations showed that phosphorylation of the RARγ (and RARα) receptors of this family leads to subtle changes in the dynamic properties of the protein without producing significant conformational rearrangements (Chebaro et al., 2013, 2017).”
From Allostery in Its Many Disguises: From Theory to Applications (2019) · cites this paper as Chebaro et al., 2013
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- Authors
- Chebaro, Y., Amal, I., Rochel, N., Rochette-Egly, C., Stote, R. H., & Dejaegere, A.
- Affiliations
- Institut de génétique et de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Stote, Roland H.
- Dejaegere, Annick
- Venue
- PLoS Computational Biology
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2013-04-18
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- e1003012
- ISSN
- 1553-734X (ISSN-L)
- 1553-7358
- PMC
- PMC3630199
- OpenAlex
- W1982211946
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 2.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS Computational Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-10-BINF-0003, ANR-09-BLAN-0127, ANR-05-BLAN-0390, ANR-05)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Institut National Du Cancer (INCa-PL09-194, PL09-194)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Structure and Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Retinoids in leukemia and cellular processes
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling
- Keywords
- retinoic acid receptor alpha, phosphorylation, allosteric regulation, TFIIH, ligand-binding domain, salt bridge network, protein conformational dynamics, nuclear receptors, kinase signaling
- MeSH terms
- Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha, Allosteric Regulation, Allosteric Site, Animals, Binding Sites, Cell Nucleus, Computer Simulation, Gene Expression Regulation, Ligands, Phosphorylation, Protein Binding, Salts, Serine, Solvents, Tretinoin, Signal Transduction, Transcriptional Activation, Protein Structure, Secondary, Receptors, Retinoic Acid, Crystallography, X-Ray, Mice, Cyclin H
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