The relative contributions of infectious and mitotic spread to HTLV-1 persistence
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Abstract
Abstract Human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) persists within hosts via infectious spread ( de novo infection) and mitotic spread (infected cell proliferation), creating a population structure of multiple clones (infected cell populations with identical genomic proviral integration sites). The relative contributions of infectious and mitotic spread to HTLV-1 persistence are unknown, and will determine the efficacy of different approaches to treatment. The prevailing view is that infectious spread is negligible in HTLV-1 proviral load maintenance beyond early infection. However, in light of recent high-throughput data on the abundance of HTLV-1 clones, and recent estimates of HTLV-1 clonal diversity that are substantially higher than previously thought (typically between 10 4 and 10 5 HTLV-1 + T cell clones in the body of an asymptomatic carrier or patient with HAM/TSP), ongoing infectious spread during chronic infection remains possible. We estimate the ratio of infectious to mitotic spread using a hybrid model of deterministic and stochastic processes, fitted to previously published HTLV-1 clonal diversity estimates. We investigate the robustness of our estimates using two alternative methods. We find that, contrary to previous belief, infectious spread persists during chronic infection, even after HTLV-1 proviral load has reached its set point, and we estimate that between 100 and 200 new HTLV-1 clones are created and killed every day. We find broad agreement between all three methods. The risk of HTLV-1-associated malignancy and inflammatory disease is strongly correlated with proviral load, which in turn is correlated with the number of HTLV-1-infected clones, which are created by de novo infection. Our results therefore imply that suppression of de novo infection may reduce the risk of malignant transformation. Author Summary There are no effective antiretroviral treatments against Human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1), which causes a range of inflammatory diseases and the aggressive malignancy Adult T-cell Leukaemia/Lymphoma (ATL) in approximately 10% of infected people. Within hosts the virus spreads via infectious spread ( de novo infection) and mitotic spread (infected cell division). The relative contributions of each mechanism are unknown, and have major implications for drug development and clinical management of infection. We estimate the ratio of infectious to mitotic spread during the infection’s chronic phase using three methods. Each method indicates infectious spread at low but persistent levels after proviral load has reached set point, contrary to the prevailing view that infectious spread features in early infection only. Risk of disease in HTLV-1 infection is known to increase with proviral load, via mutations accrued from repeated infected cell division. Our analyses suggest that ongoing infectious spread may provide an additional mechanism whereby chronic infection becomes malignant. Further, because antiretroviral drugs against Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) inhibit HTLV-1 infectious spread, they may reduce the risk of HTLV-1 malignancy.
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During asymptomatic HTLV-1 infection, virus can be produced de novo and increase clonal diversity of infected lymphocytes.
“However, Laydon et al. demonstrated that during asymptomatic infection, HTLV-1 can be produced de novo, and increase the clonal diversity of infected lymphocytes [135].”
From HIV-1 and HTLV-1 Transmission Modes: Mechanisms and Importance for Virus Spread (2022) · cites this paper as [135]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Laydon, D. J., Sunkara, V., Boelen, L., Bangham, C. R. M., & Asquith, B.
- Affiliations
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Freie Universität Berlin (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Laydon, Daniel J.
- Bangham, Charles R. M.
- Asquith, Becca
- Venue
- PLOS Computational Biology
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2020-09-17
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- e1007470
- ISSN
- 1553-734X (ISSN-L)
- 1553-7358
- PMC
- PMC7524007
- OpenAlex
- W3087663281
- Cited by
- 32
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 2.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- new_version (2020-09-29)
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS Computational Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Refubium (Universitätsbibliothek der Freien Universität Berlin) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Universitätsbibliothek der FU Berlin Hochschulschriftenstelle u. Dokumentenserver (cc-by)
- Funders
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (MR/R015600/1)
- Leukemia and Lymphoma Research (15012)
- Wellcome Trust (FP7/2007–2013, MR/R015600/1, 100291, 207477/Z/17/Z, 103865/Z/14/Z, 103865, 091845)
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust/Institute of Cancer Research
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (MR/R015600/1, FP7/2007–2013)
- Imperial College London (MR/R015600/1)
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust
- European Commission (MR/R015600/1, 2007–2013, 317040, FP7 2007-2013, FP7/2007)
- Department for International Development (MR/R015600/1)
- Medical Research Council (FP7/20072013, J007439, MR/R015600/1, MR/J007439/1, G1001052, MR/K019090/1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and Retrovirus Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Mathematical and Theoretical Epidemiology and Ecology Models
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › HIV Research and Treatment
- Keywords
- HTLV-1, viral persistence, clonal diversity, proviral load, de novo infection, proviral integration sites, stochastic epidemic model, tropical spastic paraparesis, chronic infection
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Mitosis, Models, Biological, Proviruses, Human T-lymphotropic virus 1, HTLV-I Infections, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Virus Integration, Viral Load, Host-Pathogen Interactions
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Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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