Ten simple rules for Global North researchers to stop perpetuating helicopter research in the Global South
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ntroductionThe practice of Global North (i.e., "richer" globalized countries located in the northern hemisphere, except for Australia and New Zealand) researchers making roundtrips to the Global South (i.e., "poorer" developing countries located around the tropics and in the Southern hemisphere) to collect materials and then process, analyze, and publish results with little to no involvement from local collaborators is referred to as "helicopter research" or "parachute research" [1].At best, local scientists provide logistical help and knowledge of the local community, such as field site guiding, identification of local organisms, translation from and to local languages, and facilitating resources to foreign scientists.However, often, these necessary actors in the scientific process receive little to no retribution for their work and knowledge.For example, a systematic problem in academia is that local scientists and graduate and undergraduate students are often not offered coauthorship in manuscripts for which their contributions were essential (e.g., project planning, logistics, and knowledge of local biodiversity).Even worse is that research remains unavailable for them and others who contributed substantially, since in most cases, peer-review publications are available behind a paywall (but see [2]), and they are written in English, which is the second or third language for many Global South researchers [3].Furthermore, local communities where Global North scientists come to conduct helicopter research are usually left out of broader impacts and outreach efforts, as these tend to happen in Global North communities.Helicopter research is a way to perpetuate colonization practices [4], and power imbalances are critical in perpetuating helicopter research.For example, Global North researchers often set the research agenda based on priorities of their funding agencies, which, in many cases, are decided upon by those same researchers sitting in decision-making committees of those very agencies.All too often, proposals are developed without a deep understanding of problems and priorities of Global South countries where the anticipated research will take place.Global South collaborators are rarely invited to brainstorm and set the research agenda for their needs.This opens the door for unequal partnership with research objectives that may be irrelevant for Global South collaborators, who then, are forced to accept an already funded proposal due to lack of research funding within their own countries or institutions [5].Thus, power and politics behind science are interconnected and are a driving force behind helicopter research.Helicopter research is a problem that also happens within Global North and within Global South countries, where dominating cultures perpetuate abuse on historically marginalized communities, including those of indigenous people, people of color, people from lower
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Microbiome members of individuals from non-westernized populations are underrepresented by current cultivation-based genomic catalogs, causing metagenomic profiling to miss large fractions of microbial diversity.
“Microbiome members of individuals from non-westernized populations are particularly underrepresented by current cultivation-based genomic catalogs causing metagenomic profiling approaches to miss large fractions of the microbial diversity in the samples.”
From Maternal and food microbial sources shape the infant microbiome of a rural Ethiopian population (2023) · cites this paper as [35]
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Ten simple rules for empowering women in STEM
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Bars‐Closel, M., Capparelli, M. V., Conradie, S. R., Diele‐Viegas, L. M., Donaldson, A. C., Kosmala, G. K., Madelaire, C. B., de Mello, D. M. D., Majelantle, T. L., Martins, M. F., et al. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.247888 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Haelewaters, D., Hofmann, T. A., & Romero-Olivares, A. L.
- Affiliations
- Universidad Autónoma de Chiriquí (PA)
- Venue
- PLoS Computational Biology
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2021-08-19
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- e1009277
- ISSN
- 1553-734X (ISSN-L)
- 1553-7358
- PMC
- PMC8376010
- OpenAlex
- W3193474197
- Semantic Scholar
- 39fe8db1b6a4b4926c4c3ea2082f388e45f683b8
- Cited by
- 292
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 48 · 2025: 72 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 4
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS Computational Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- University of Minnesota
- University of Otago
- Wageningen University and Research
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Decolonial Thought and Epistemologies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Global Health and Surgery
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Qualitative Research Methods and Ethics
- Keywords
- helicopter research, Global South, research ethics, co-authorship, research collaboration, research funding, paywalls, language barriers, indigenous peoples, marginalized communities
- MeSH terms
- Aircraft, Humans, Research Personnel, Internationality
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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